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Social reformers Essay1. Gautama Buddha, too cognize as Siddhrtha Gautama, or simply the Buddha, was a sage on whose teachings Buddhism was opened. Buddha means awakened whiz or the enligh 10ed one. Buddha is also used as a title for the first base awakened creation in an era. In most Buddhisticicic customss, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha of our age. Gautama taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and the severe asceticism found in the Sramana (renunciation) movement common in his region. He by and by taught through with(predicate)out regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Koala. The times of Gautamas suffer and terminal be uncertain most historians in the early twentieth century epochd his b see and buttertime as circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but much recent opinion dates his wipeout to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to whatsoever, between 411 and 400 BCE. However, at a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majori ty of those who presented decided opinions gave dates within 20 years each side of 400 BCE for the Buddhas death.These alternative chronologies, however, incur not so far been accepted by all new(prenominal) historians. Gautama is the primary figure in Buddhism, and accounts of his lifespan, discourses, and monastic rules are deliberated by Buddhists to build been summarized aft(prenominal)(prenominal) his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him were passed down by oral customs, and first affiliated to writing about 400 years later. Primary biographical sourcesThe primary sources for the life of Siddhrtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, handed-down biographies. These allow in the Buddhacarita, Lalitavistara Stra, Mahvastu, and the Nidnakath. Of these, the Buddhacaritais the earliest full biography, an epic poem write by the poet Avaghoa, and dating around the beginning of the 2nd century C E.The Lalitavistara Stra is the next oldest biography, a Mahyna/Sarvstivda biography dating to the 3rd century CE. The Mahvastu from the MahsghikaLokottaravda tradition is other major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE. The D worthlessaguptaka biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the Abhinikramaa Stra, and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. Lastly, the Nidnakath is from the Theravda tradition in Sri Lanka, was composed in the 5th century CE by Buddhaghoa.From canonical sources, the Jtakas, the Maha dramatiseana Sutta (DN 14), and the Achariyabhuta Sutta (MN 123) include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The Jtakas re reassure previous consists of Gautama as a bodhisattva, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. The Mahpadna Sutta and Achariyabhuta Sutta both recount miraculous up to nowts surrounding Ga utamas hold, such as the bodhisattvas descent from Tuita Heaven into his mothers womb. personality of handed-down depictionsQueen My miraculously giving birth to Siddhrtha. Sanskritpalm leaf manuscript. N earth, Bihar, India. Pla period Traditional biographies of Gautama generally include galore(postnominal) miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is of ex that of a fully transc blockent (Skt. lokottara) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the telluric worldly concern. In the Mahvastu, over the course of many lives, Gautama is tell to gull developed supramundane abilities including a painless birth conceived without intercourse no need for sleep, food, medicine, or dishwashing, although engaging in such in conformity with the world omniscience, and the ability to suppress karma. Nevertheless, some of the more ordinary details of his life let been gathitherd from these traditional sources. In modern time s there has been an attempt to form a secular chthonianstanding of Siddhrtha Gautamas life by omitting the traditional supernatural elements of his early biographies.Andrew Skilton writes that the Buddha was neer historicly regarded by Buddhist traditions as being merely human It is valuable to stress that, despite modern Theravada teachings to the contrary (of decennary a sop to questioning Western pupils), he was never seen as being merely human. For instance, he is often described as having the thirty- both major and eighty minor marks or signs of a mahpurua, superman the Buddha himself denied that he was either a man or a god and in the Mahparinibbna Sutta he sound outs that he could live for an aeon were he asked to do so. The ancient Indians were generally uninterested with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a pop offer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life.These te xts contain descriptions of the culture and day by day life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the Jain scriptures, and make the Buddhas time the earliest period in Indian history for which significant accounts exist.27full citation needed British author Karen Armstrong writes that although there is very little instruction that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhrtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.28dubious discuss Michael Carrithers goes a bit further by stating that the most general outline of birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awaken and liberation, teaching, death must be true. BiographyConception and birthPurported birthplace of Gautama Buddha in Lumbini, a holy inclose also for Hindus, who believe Buddha is the 9th of 10 Dashavataras of Vishnu. Most scholars regard Kapilavastu, present-day(prenominal) Nepal, to be the birthplace of the Buddha.Other possibilities are Lumbini, present-day Nepal Kapiles wara, Odisha, present-day India and Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh, present-day India. harmonise to the most traditional biography, Buddha was natural in a royal Hindu family to ability uddhodana, the leader of Shakya clan, whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing tycoondom of Kosala during the Buddhas lifetime.Gautama was the family name. His mother, Queen Maha Maya (Mydev) and Suddhodanas wife, was a Koliyan princess. Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a white elephant with six white tusks entered her full side, and ten months later Siddhartha was natural. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she odd Kapilvastu for her fathers fairydom to give birth. However, her son is verbalize to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a sal tree.The day of the Buddhas birth is widely stay freshd in Theravada countries as Vesak. Buddhas birth anniversary holid ay is called Buddha Poornima in India as Buddha is believed to have been born on a full moon day. Various sources hold that the Buddhas mother died at his birth, a few days or seven days later. The infant was given the name Siddhartha (Pli Siddhattha), importee he who achieves his aim. During the birth celebrations, the hermit seerAsita journeyed from his mountain abode and announced that the child would either draw a great king (chakravartin) or a great holy man. By traditional account, this occurred later Siddhartha determined his feet in Asitas hair and Asita examined the birthmarks. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on thefifth day, and invited eight brahmin scholars to read the future. all in all gave a dual prediction that the baby would either establish a great king or a great holy man.32Kaundinya (Pali Kondaa), the youngest, and later to be the first arahant other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the lone(prenominal) one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha wou ld become a Buddha While later tradition and legend characterized uddhodana as a hereditarymonarch, the descendant of the Solar Dynasty of Ikvku (Pli Okkka), many scholars think that uddhodana was the elected chief of a tribal confederacy. Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is state to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition.At the time, many dwarfish city-states existed in Ancient India, called Janapadas.Republics and chiefdoms with diffused political power and limited social stratification, were not uncommon amongst them, and were referred to as gana-sanghas. The Buddhas confederation does not seem to have had a association system. It was not a monarchy, and seems to have been structured either as an oligarchy, or as a form of republic. The more egalitarian gana-sangha form of governing body, as a political alternative to the strongly hierarc hical kingdoms, may have influenced the development of the Shramana-type Jain and Buddhist sanghas, where monarchies tended toward Vedic Brahmanism. Early life and marriage passing of Prince SiddharthaSiddhartha was born in a royal Hindu family.30 He was brought up by his mothers younger sister, Maha Pajapati.38 By tradition, he is said to have been destined by birth to the life of a prince, and had tercet palaces (for eonal occupation) built for him. Although more recent scholarship doubts this status, his father, said to be King uddhodana, wishing for his son to be a great king, is said to have screen him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human suffering. When he reached the age of 16, his father reputedly arranged his marriage to a cousin of the same age named Yaodhar (Pli Yasodhar). agree to the traditional account,which? she gave birth to a son, named Rhula. Siddhartha is said to have fatigued 29 years as a prince in Kapilavastu. Although his father ensured th at Siddhartha was provided with allthing he could postulate or need, Buddhist scriptures say that the future Buddha felt that material wealth was not lifes ultimate goal.38 Departure and ascetic life.The Great Departure of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a halo, he is accompanied by numerous guards, maithuna loving cope withs, and devata who have come to pay homage Gandhara, Kushan period Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes an ascetic. Borobudur, 8th century At the age of 29, the popular biographywhich? continues, Siddhartha left his palace to meet his subjects. disdain his fathers efforts to hide from him the sick, aged and suffering, Siddhartha was said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer Channa formulateed to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a morbid man, a decaying corpse, and an ascetic.These depressed him, and he initially strove to overcome ageing, sickness, and death by living the life of an ascetic.39 attended by Channa and riding his horse Kanthaka, Gautama quit his palace for the life of a mendicant. Its said that, the horses hooves were muffled by the gods40 to prevent guards from knowing of his departure. Gautama initially went to Rajagaha and began his ascetic life by begging for alms in the street. After King Bimbisaras men recognised Siddhartha and the king learned of his quest, Bimbisara offered Siddhartha the throne.Siddhartha rejected the offer, but promised to visit his kingdom of Magadha first, upon attaining enlightenment. He left Rajagaha and practised under two hermit teachers of yogic venture.414243 After mastering the teachings of Alara Kalama (Skr. ra Klma), he was asked by Kalama to succeed him. However, Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practise, and moved on to become a student of yoga with Udaka Ramaputta (Skr. Udraka Rmaputra).44With him he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness, and was again asked to succeed his teacher . But, once more, he was not satisfied, and again moved on.45 Siddhartha and a base of five companions led by Kaundinya are thusly said to have set out to take their austerities even further. They tried to find enlightenment through deprivation of worldly goods, including food, practising self-mortification. After devoutly starving himself to death by restricting his food consumption to around a leaf or nut per day, he collapsed in a river while bathing and almost drowned. Siddhartha began to reconsider his row. Then, he re phallused a moment in childhood in which he had been observation his father start the seasons plowing. He succeed a concentrated and focused state that was blissful and refreshing, the jhna. arouseSee also Enlightenment in BuddhismThe Buddha surrounded by the demons of Mra. Sanskritpalm leaf manuscript. N work, Bihar, India. Pla period According to the early Buddhist texts,web 6 after realizing that meditative jhana was the right elbow room to awakening, but that extreme asceticism didnt work, Gautama discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Wayweb 6a path of moderation aside from the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.web 6 In a famous incident, after becoming starved and weakened, he is said to have accepted milk and rice pudding from a village girl named Sujata.web 7 Such was his emaciated sort that she wrongly believed him to be a spirit that had granted her a wish.web 7 Following this incident, Gautama was famously seated under a pipal treenow known as the Bodhi treein Bodh Gaya, India, when he vowed never to arise until he had found the truth.46Kaundinya and four other companions, believing that he had dispose his search and become undisciplined, left. After a reputed 49 days of meditation, at the age of 35, he is said to have attained Enlightenment.4647 According to some traditions, this occurred in approximately the fifth lunar month, while, according to others, it was in the twelfth month. From that time , Gautama was known to his followers as the Buddha or Awakened One (Buddha is also sometimes translated as The Enlightened One). According to Buddhism, at the time of his awakening he achieved complete insight into the cause of suffering, and the steps unavoidable to eliminate it. These discoveries became known as the Four portentous Truths,47 which are at the heart of Buddhist teaching. by means of mastery of these truths, a state of supreme liberation, or Nirvana, is believed to be possible for any being. The Buddha described Nirvna as the perfect peace of a melodic theme thats free from ignorance, greed, hatred and other afflictive states,47 or defilements (kilesas). Nirvana is also regarded as the end of the world, in that no personal identity or boundaries of the mind remain. In such a state, a being is said to possess the Ten Characteristics, belonging to every Buddha. According to a story in the ycana Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya VI.1) a scripture found in the Pli and other ca nons immediately after his awakening, the Buddha debated whether or not he should teach the Dharma to others. He was concerned that humans were so overpowered by ignorance, greed and hatred that they could never recognise the path, which is subtle, deep and hard to grasp.However, in the story, Brahm Sahampati convinced him, arguing that at least some will understand it. The Buddha relented, and agreed to teach. Formation of the sangha Dhmek Stpa in Srnth, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the Four dread Truths to his first five disciples After his awakening, the Buddha met two merchants, named Tapussa and Bhallika, who became his first lay disciples. They were apparently each given hairs from his head, which are now claimed to be enshrined as relics in the Shwe Dagon Temple in Rangoon, Burma. The Buddha intended to visit Asita, and his former teachers, Alara Kalama and Udaka Ramaputta, to explain his findings, but they had already died.He then trav elled to the Deer Park near Vras (Benares) in northern India, where he set in motion what Buddhists call the Wheel of Dharma by delivering his first sermon to the five companions with whom he had sought enlightenment. Together with him, they formed the first sagha the company of Buddhist monks. All five become arahants, and within the first two months, with the conversion of Yasa and fifty four of his friends, the hail of such arahants is said to have grown to 60. The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, with their reputed 200, 300 and 500 disciples, respectively. This swelled the sangha to more than 1,000.Travels and teaching Buddha with his protector Vajrapani, Gandhra, 2nd century CE, Ostasiatische Kunst Museum For the remaining 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have traveled in the Gangetic Plain, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people from nobles to casteless street sweepers, murderers such as Angu limala, and cannibals such as Alavaka. From the outset, Buddhism was equally open to all races and classes, and had no caste structure, as was the rule for most Hindus in the-then society.Although the Buddhas language remains unknown, its likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related Middle Indo-Aryan dialects, of which Pali may be a standardization. The sangha traveled through the subcontinent, expounding the dharma. This continued throughout the year, except during the four months of the vassana rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely traveled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to animal life.At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or forests, where people would come to them. The first vassana was spent at Varanasi when the sangha was formed. After this, the Buddha kept a promise to travel to Rajagaha, capital of Magadha, to visit King Bimbisara. During this visit, Sariputta and Maudgalyayana were converted by Assaji, one of the first five disciples, after which they were to become the Buddhas two foremost followers. The Buddha spent the next three seasons at Veluvana Bamboo Grove monastery in Rajagaha, capital of Magadha. Upon hearing of his sons awakening, Suddhodana sent, over a period, ten delegations to ask him to return to Kapilavastu. On the first nine occasions, the delegates failed to deliver the message, and instead joined the sangha to become arahants.The ordinal delegation, led by Kaludayi, a childhood friend of Gautamas (who also became an arahant), however, delivered the message. Now two years after his awakening, the Buddha agreed to return, and made a two-month journey by foot to Kapilavastu, teaching the dharma as he went. At his return, the royal palace prepared a midday meal, but the sangha was making an alms round in Kapilavastu. hear this, Suddhodana approached his son, the Buddha, saying Ours is the warrior lineage of Mahamassa ta, and not a single warrior has gone seeking alms The Buddha is said to have repliedThat is not the custom of your royal lineage. But it is the custom of my Buddha lineage. Several thousands of Buddhas have gone by seeking alms Buddhist texts say that Suddhodana invited the sangha into the palace for the meal, followed by a dharma talk. After this he is said to have become a sotapanna. During the visit, many members of the royal family joined the sangha. The Buddhas cousins Ananda and Anuruddha became two of his five chief disciples.At the age of seven, his son Rahula also joined, and became one of his ten chief disciples. His half-brother Nanda also joined and became an arahant. Of the Buddhas disciples, Sariputta, Maudgalyayana, Mahakasyapa, Ananda and Anuruddha are believed to have been the five nearest to him. His ten foremost disciples were reputedly completed by the quintet of Upali, Subhoti, Rahula, Mahakaccana and Punna. In the fifth vassana, the Buddha was staying at Mahav ana near Vesali when he heard news of the impending death of his father. He is said to have gone to Suddhodana and taught the dharma, after which his father became an arahant.The kings death and cremation was to inspire the creation of an order of nuns. Buddhist texts record that the Buddha was reluctant to ordain women. His cheer mother Maha Pajapati, for example, approached him, asking to join the sangha, but he refused. Maha Pajapati, however, was so intent on the path of awakening that she led a group of royal Sakyan and Koliyan ladies, which followed the sangha on a long journey to Rajagaha. In time, after Ananda championed their cause, the Buddha is said to have reconsidered and, five years after the formation of the sangha, agreed to the ordination of women as nuns. He reasoned that males and females had an equal capacity for awakening. But he gave women additional rules (Vinaya) to follow. Assassination attemptsAccording to colorful legends, even during the Buddhas life the sangha was not free of dissent and discord. For example, Devadatta, a cousin of Gautama who became a monk but not an arahant, more than once tried to kill him. Initially, Devadatta is alleged to have often tried to undermine the Buddha. In one instance, according to stories, Devadatta even asked the Buddha to stand aside and let him lead the sangha. When this failed, he is accused of having three times tried to kill his teacher. The first attempt is said to have involved him hiring a group of archers to shoot the awakened one. But, upon meeting the Buddha, they primed(p) down their bows and instead became followers.A second attempt is said to have involved Devadatta rolling a boulder down a hill. But this hit another rock and splintered, entirely grazing the Buddhas foot. In the third attempt, Devadatta is said to have got an elephant drunk and set it loose. This maneuver also failed. After his lack of success at homicide, Devadatta is said to have tried to create a schism in th e sangha, by proposing extra restrictions on the vinaya. When the Buddha again prevailed, Devadatta started a breakaway order. At first, he managed to convert some of the bhikkhus, but Sariputta and Maudgalyayana are said to have expounded the dharma so nubively that they were won back. MahaparinirvanaThe Buddhas intro into Parinirvana. Sanskritpalm leaf manuscript. Nland, Bihar, India. Pla periodThe sharing of the relics of the Buddha, Zenymitsu-Temple Museum, Tokyo According to the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of the Pali canon, at the age of 80, the Buddha announced that he would soon reach Parinirvana, or the final deathless state, and abandon his earthbound body. After this, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named Cunda. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant nanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his passing and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it pro vided the last meal for a Buddha.web 8 Dr Mettanando and Von Hinber argue that the Buddha died of mesentericinfarction, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning.48note 11The precise contents of the Buddhas final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms the Theravada tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the Mahayana tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on Buddhist vegetarianism and the precepts for monks and nuns. Ananda protested the Buddhas decision to enter Parinirvana in the abandoned jungles of Kuinra (present-day Kushinagar, India) of the Malla kingdom.The Buddha, however, is said to have reminded Ananda how Kushinara was a land once ruled by a righteous wheel-turning king that resounded with joy 44. Kusavati, Ananda, resounded unceasingly day and nigh t with ten soundsthe trumpeting of elephants, the neighing of horses, the rattling of chariots, the beating of drums and tabours, unison and song, cheers, the clapping of hands, and cries of Eat, drink, and be merry The Buddha then asked all the attendant Bhikkhus to clarify any doubts or questions they had. They had none. According to Buddhist scriptures, he then finally entered Parinirvana. The Buddhas final words are reported to have been All composite things (Sakhra) are perishable. Strive for your own liberation with diligence (Pali vayadhamm sakhr appamdena sampdeth). His body was cremated and the relics were placed in monuments or stupas, some of which are believed to have survived until the present.For example, The Temple of the Tooth or Dalada Maligawa in Sri Lanka is the place where what some believe to be the relic of the right tooth of Buddha is kept at present. According to the Pli historical chronicles of Sri Lanka, the Dpavasa and Mahvasa, the coronation of emperor butterfly Aoka (Pli Asoka) is 218 years after the death of Buddha. According to two textual records in Chinese ( and ), the coronation of Emperor Aoka is 116 years after the death of Buddha. in that respectfore, the time of Buddhas passing is either 486 BCE according to Theravda record or 383 BCE according to Mahayana record. However, the actual date traditionally accepted as the date of the Buddhas death in Theravda countries is 544 or 545 BCE, because the reign of Emperor Aoka was traditionally reckoned to be about 60 years earlier than current estimates.In Burmese Buddhist tradition, the date of the Buddhas death is 13 May 544 BCE,49 whereas in Thai tradition it is 11 March 545 BCE.50 At his death, the Buddha is famously believed to have told his disciples to follow no leader. Mahakasyapa was chosen by the sangha to be the head of the First Buddhist Council, with the two chief disciples Maudgalyayana and Sariputta having died before the Buddha. While in Buddhas days he was addr ess by the very respected titles Buddha, Shkyamuni, Shkyasimha, Bhante and Bho, he was known after his parinirvana as Arihant, Bhagav/Bhagavat/Bhagwn, Mahvira,51 Jina/Jinendra, Sstr, Sugata, and most popularly in scriptures as Tathgata. RelicsAfter his death, the Buddha was cremated and the ashes divided among his disciples. According to the PBS series Secrets of the Dead, an urn containing these was discovered in a stupa at Piprahwa near Birdpur historical British variant as Birdpore, a Buddhist sacred structure in the Basti district of Uttar Pradesh in India by amateur archaeologist William Claxton Peppe in 1898. They were given to the King of Siam (Thailand) a couple of years later, where they still reside. Physical characteristicsMain article Physical characteristics of the BuddhaGandhran depiction of the Buddha from Hadda, Afghanistan Victoria and Albert Museum, London An long and colorful material description of the Buddha has been laid down in scriptures. A kshatriya by bir th, he had military machine training in his upbringing, and by Shakyan tradition was required to pass tests to demonstrate his worthiness as a warrior in order to marry. He had a strong enough body to be noticed by one of the kings and was asked to join his army as a general. He is also believed by Buddhists to have the 32 Signs of the Great Man. The Brahmin Sonadanda described him as handsome, good-looking, and pleasing to the eye, with a most beautiful complexion. He has a godlike form and countenance, he is by no means unattractive.(D,I115).It is wonderful, truly marvellous, how serene is the good Gotamas appearance, how clear and radiant his complexion, just as the cashen jujube in autumn is clear and radiant, just as a palm-tree fruit just loosened from the stalk is clear and radiant, just as an adornment of red gold wrought in a crucible by a skilled goldsmith, deftly beaten and laid on a yellow-cloth shines, blazes and glitters, even so, the good Gotamas senses are calmed, his complexion is clear and radiant. (A,I181) A disciple named Vakkali, who later became an arahant, was so obsessed by Buddhas physical presence that the Buddha is said to have felt impelled to tell him to desist, and to have reminded him that he should know the Buddha through the Dhamma and not through physical appearances.Although there are no extant representations of the Buddha in human form until around the 1st century CE (see Buddhist art), descriptions of the physical characteristics of fully enlightened buddhas are attributed to the Buddha in the Digha Nikayas Lakkhaa Sutta (D,I142).52 In addition, the Buddhas physical appearance is described by Yasodhara to their son Rahula upon the Buddhas first post-Enlightenment return to his former princely palace in the non-canonical Pali devotional hymn, Narasha Gth (The Lion of Men).web 10 Among the 32 main characteristics it is mentioned that Buddha has blue eyes.53 Nine virtuesThe nine virtues of the Buddha appear throughout the T ipitaka.54 anamnesis of the nine virtues of the Buddha is a common Buddhist devotional practice, it is also one of the 40 Buddhist meditation subjects. Araham Worthy of homage. An Arahant is one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid done the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is altogether liberated through final knowledge. Sammasambuddho Perfectly self-awakenedReclining Buddha in Jade Temple, Shanghai Some scholars believe that some portions of the Pali principle and the gamas contain the actual substance of the historical teachings (and possibly even the words) of the Buddha.5556 Some scholars believe the Pali Canon and the Agamas pre-date the Mahyna stras.57 The scriptural works of Early Buddhism precede the Mahayana works chronologically, and are hardened by many Western scholars as the main credible source for information regarding the actual historical teachings of Gautama Buddha.However, some s cholars do not think that the texts report on historical events.58dubious discuss5960 Hajime Nakamura writes that there is nothing in the traditional Buddhist texts that can be clearly attributed to Gautama as a historical figure61 In the Buddhist texts there is no word that can be traced with unquestionable authority to Gautama kyamuni as a historical personage, although there must be some sayings or phrases derived from him. Some of the fundamentals of the teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha are The Four shocking Truths that suffering is an ingrained part of existence that the origin of suffering is craving for sensuality, acquisition of identity, and annihilation that suffering can be ended and that following the Noble Eightfold Path is the means to accomplish this The Noble Eightfold Path right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentrationDependent origination the mind creates suffering as a natu ral product of a complex process Rejection of the infallibility of accepted scripture Teachings should not be accepted unless they are borne out by our experience and are praised by the wise. See the Kalama Sutta for details Anicca (Sanskrit anitya) That all things that come to be have an end Dukkha (Sanskrit dukha) That nothing which comes to be is ultimately satisfying Anatt (Sanskrit antman) That nothing in the realm of experience can rightfully be said to be I or mine Nibbna (Sanskrit Nirvna) It is possible for sentient beings to realize a dimension of awareness which is totally unconstructed and peaceful, and end all suffering due to the minds interaction with the learn world. However, in some Mahayana schools, these points have come to be regarded as more or less subsidiary.There is disagreement amongst various schools of Buddhism over more complex aspects of what the Buddha is believed to have taught, and also over some of the disciplinary rules for monks. According to tra dition, the Buddha emphasized ethics and correct understanding. He questioned everyday notions of divinity and salvation. He stated that there is no intermediary between mankind and the divine distant gods are subjected to karma themselves in decaying heavens and the Buddha is only a guide and teacher for beings who must tread the path of Nirva (Pli Nibbna) themselves to attain the ghostlike awakening called bodhi and understand reality. The Buddhist system of insight and meditation practice is not claimed to have been divinely revealed, but to spring from an understanding of the true nature of the mind, which must be discovered by treading the path guided by the Buddhas teachings.Other religions Buddha depicted as the 9th Avatar of god Vishnu in a traditional Hindu representation Main article Gautama Buddha in world religions In Hinduism, Gautama is regarded as one of the ten avatars of God Vishnu.note 6 The Buddha is also regarded as a prophet by the Ahmadiyyas626364 and a Manife station of God in the Bah faith.65 Some early Chinese Taoist-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of Lao Tzu.66 The Christian canonize Josaphat is based on the life of the Buddha.The name comes from the Sanskrit Bodhisatva via Arabic Bdhasaf and Georgian Iodasaph.67 The only story in which St. Josaphat appears, Barlaam and Josaphat, is based on the life of the Buddha.68 Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast day 27 November) though not in the Roman Missal and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August).2. Annabhau Sathe Despite lack of formal education, Sathe wrote in Marathi 35 novels, one among which was Fakira (1959). Fakira, which is currently in its 19th edition, received a state government award in 1961. There are 15 collections of Sathes short stories. A turgid number of his short stories have been translated into many Indian and as many as 27 non-Indian languages. in like manner novels and short stories , Sathe wrote a play, a travelogue on Russia, 12 screenplays, and 10 ballads powade(Marahti). Sathe wrote directly from his experiences in life, and his novels celebrate the fighting spirit in their characters who work against all odds in life. Early lifeAnnabhau Sathe was born in the village of Wategaon near Sangli in a family belonging to the Dalit Mang Hindu (caste)Mang community. (The community has been identified by the Indian government as a SCscheduled caste.) Poverty had prevented Sathe from obtaining formal education. His brother Shankarbhau recounts in his biography of Sathe, titled Majhe Bhau Annabhau, that the family members worked as laborers at the site of Kalyan tunnel when it was being constructed.Writings Lok Rajya, a Maharashtra state government fortnightly, published on 1 November 1993, a special commemorative issue concerning Sathe. The state government also issued in 1998 a collection of his works under the title Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe Nivadak Sahitya.Amartya shinde and Aditya Shinde,Nerul Navi Mumbai 706 also having good information regarding Annabhau Sathe and his relations with Famous image Actor Balraj Sahani. Other achievementsTo provide social awareness, he organized stage performances of powade and tamasha, ethnic dances chiefly performed by women, which are popular inrural Maharashtra. He produced 14 tamasha shows. In the late 1940s, the then kin Minister of the Bombay state government Morarji Desai had banned tamasha shows, but Sathe courageously defied the ban by renaming them as lokanatya. mass in Maharashtra conferred the epithet lok shahir on Sathe. On the issue of a postage stamp of Anna Bhau Sathe at Chembur, Mumbai diplomatic minister Pramod Mahajan called Anna as a saint of Maharashtra. Sathe was an important mobilizer in the Samyukta Maharashtra movement. He used the medium of powade to great effect in that movement. Sathe was attracted to communism and had visited USSR. He was a founder member of the Lal Bawta Kala pathak of the Communist Party in Maharashtra. Sathe lived a life of destitution. After spending 22 years in a Ghatkopar (west), chirag nagar slum, Sathe moved to a secondary support in Goregaon which the state government provided him in 1968, one year before he died. immaterial linkshttp//www.manase.org/maharashtra.php?mid=68smid=23pmid=8id=800 Authority control VIAF 13245460Persondata NAME = Sathe, Annabhau ALTERNATIVE NAMES = SHORT DESCRIPTION = Indian writer DATE OF BIRTH = August 1, 1920 PLACE OF BIRTH = DATE OF DEATH = July 18, 1969Tukaram alias Annabhau Sathe was born in the village of Wategaon near Sangli in a family belonging to the Dalit Matang community. on 1st August 1920 (The community has been identified by the Indian government as a scheduled caste.) There are 15 collections of Sathes short stories.A large number of his short stories have been translated into many Indian and as many as 27 non-Indian languages. Besides novels and short stories, Sathe wrote a pl ay, a travelogue on Russia, 12 screenplays, and 10 ballads powade(Marahti). Sathe wrote directly from his experiences in life, and his novels celebrate the fighting spirit in their characters who work against all odds in life. Lok Rajya, a Maharashtra state government fortnightly, published on November 1, 1993, a special commemorative issue concerning Sathe. The state government also issued in 1998 a collection of his works under the title Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe Nivadak Sahitya. Other achievementsSathe worked among the poor. To generate social awareness, he organized stage performances of powade and tamasha, ethnic dances chiefly performed by women, which are popular in rural Maharashtra. He produced 14 tamashashows. In the late 1940s, the then Home Minister of the Bombay state government Morarji Desai had banned tamasha shows, but Sathe courageously defied the ban by renaming them as lokanatya. People in Maharashtra conferred the epithet lok shahir on Sathe. on the Occasion of Po stage stamp of Anna Bhau Sathe at Chembur,Mumbai Honrable minister Mr.Pramod Mahajan, called Ann as A saint of Maharashtra.Sathe was an important mobilizer in the Samyukta Maharashtra movement. He used the medium of powade to great effect in that movement. on the same occasion he sung a Chakkad as Mazi Maina Gavavar Rahili Mazya Jiwachi hottiya Kahili-edited by Prof. Balaji Shinde and Amartya shinde,Nerul Navi Mumbai-706 Sathe was attracted to communism and had visited USSR. He was a founder member of the Lal Bawta Kalapathak of the Communist Party in Maharashtra. Also Annabhu sathe was the member of Matang Samaj Kaminty at Satara and Sagli Personal lifeSathe lived a life of destitution. After spending 22 years in a Ghatkopar (west) chirag nagar slum, Sathe moved to a modest house in Goregaon which the state government provided him in 1968, one year before he died. HonorsMany ethnic organizations and roads in Maharashtra have been named after Sathe. Shahir Bapu Pawar (Solapur, Cont act no 8805500620) have written song on Annabhau Sathes life release Adio cassettes CDs also Death-11th July 1969 PLACE OF DEATH =