benjamin bloom Essay Example

benjamin bloom Essay Benjamin Bloom: The Development of American Education America is filled with a history of significant events that have taken place over time. Its interesting to learn how specific events, people, places or subjects have greatly influenced our history in ways that still impact our lives today. Because I really value history as a subject, I have enjoyed researching Benjamin Bloom and the findings of his impact on American Education. He made many great contributions in the area of education. A great deal of his research focused on the study of ducational objectives, many of which have been evaluated by numerous individuals, particularly teachers in the class room. His extraordinary findings grasped the attention of many and are still utilized today. Benjamin S. Bloom was a Jewish-American psychologist. He was born in Lansford, Pennsylvania on February 21, 1913. Bloom had attended the Pennsylvania State University where he obtained his bachelors and masters degree in 1935. Upon doing so, he then moved to the University of Chicago where he completed his Ph. D. n education in 1942 and served as a member of the Board of Examinations. In 1944, he was appointed as the Instructor of Educational Psychology. Bloom died at the age of eighty six at his home in Chicago on September 13, 1999. He was survived by his wife and two his two sons, David and Jonathan. Bloom was a well known educational theorist and teacher. Together with a group of cognitive psychologists at the University of Chicago, Bloom developed his theory on taxonomy and his book of Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Handbook 1: The Cognitive Domain was published in 1956. His theory of taxonomy however is his most significant work. We will write a custom essay sample on benjamin bloom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on benjamin bloom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on benjamin bloom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It promoted the concept that any any given task favors one of three psychological domains; cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive domain deals with the ability to process and utilize information in a meaningful way. The affective domain is concerned with the attitudes and feelings that result from the learning process. The psychomotor domain involves manipulative or physical skills. Similar to Abraham Maslow and his hierarchy of needs, Bloom believed that in each of his psychological domains there are levels of learning and an individual must be ble to perform at the lower level before they can advance. The cognitive domain involves both knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. In 1956, Bloom headed a group of educational psychologists who developed a classification of levels of intellectual behavior that are important to learning. Bloom discovered that over 95% of the test questions students encounter require them to think only at the lowest level possible. There are six major categories, starting from the simplest behavior to the most complex evaluation. This multi tiered odel of classifying thinking according to the six levels of complexity is known as Blooms Taxonomy. The levels provide a basis for questioning that ensures that the students progress to their highest level on understanding. The keywords listed after the definition represent some of that tasks that the student can accomplish in each of the categories. The first level in Blooms Taxonomy is Knowledge: Remembering or recognizing something previously encountered without necessarily understanding, using, or cnanglng It. some 0T tne Keynuoras tnat Tall unaer Knowledge are: aennes, escribes, identifies, knows, matches, names. The second level is known as Comprehension: Understanding the material being communicated without necessarily relating it to anything else. Some of the keywords that fall under this category are: distinguishes, estimates, explains, locate. The third tier is is called Application: Using general concepts to solve a problem. Some of the keywords that fall under application are: apply, demonstrate, interpret, sketch, solve. The fourth tier is called Analysis: The ability to break down material into its component parts. Keywords include: analyze, appraise, calculate, criticize, experiment, question. The fifth tier is called Synthesis: The ability to put parts together to form a new whole. Key words include: arrange, assemble, collect, construct, manage, plan, prepare. The last tier, but not at all the least important, is Evaluation: The ability to Judge that value of material for a given purpose. Keywords may include: argue, assess, Judge,predict, rate, value, evaluate. In ED 205, we only talked briefly about Bloom and his taxonomy. However, when you really pick it apart and analyze all the steps, you as a future teacher begin to nderstand and assess the value of it for your children and how it can change their learning experience. I personally value Blooms Taxonomy and I believe that it is a basic process that most people use to learn and remember a new concept. Almost all projects start with an idea where students are to create their own outline or idea and then evaluate and analyze that idea. Once the idea has been applied it will help the students understand the concept, which makes remembering it much easier. According to www. pro]ects. coe. uga. edu, While it should be noted that other ducational taxonomies and hierarchical systems have been developed, Blooms Taxonomy which remains, even after nearly fifty years, the de facto standard. More and more educators are beginning to use this as a method of classifying educational goals and objectives in their classroom. Blooms Taxonomy has also been used by researchers and administrators, old and new, at any level of education necessary. This is truly what gave Bloom the ambition to link his name to all of these terms that he created in his new invention, for th ey will always be a part of his legacy, a forever widely used critical thinking tool. In class we discussed why Blooms Taxonomy is a very helpful tool to use as you being to plan your own lessons as a teacher. Some teachers may argue that his taxonomy is no longer used in todays educational world because it is seen as ineffective. Everyone has their own arguments for different ideas. The fact that I am still learning about it today and can see the impact it can have on future educators and students such as myself, I know that this critical thinking strategy will always remain in my life as well as the lives of many others, no matter what their profession may be.

Ayurvedic Medicine v. Western Medicine Essay Example

Ayurvedic Medicine v. Western Medicine Essay Example Ayurvedic Medicine v. Western Medicine Essay Ayurvedic Medicine v. Western Medicine Essay Medicine: the science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease (in technical use often taken to exclude surgery). For centuries medicine has been the backbone of health care and prevention of disease. In the West most forms of medicine are chemical based and man-made but on the other hand many people also use more homeopathic forms of medicine containing natural herbs and plants to cure ailments some of these can be categorized into Ayurvedic medicine. In a further analysis of these two forms of medication one can determine, if there is, which type is more effective and suitable for todays day and age. From the stone ages humans have been practicing health care for the most part in rudimentary ways. There is indication of Neolithic people using herbs and other plants as forms of medicine for thousands of years. This begs the question if our ancestors were correct in their first method of technique or if the advancements in Western medicine since then have proven to be more effective? A form of modern day medicine that follows the patterns of the Neolithic people is Ayurvedic medicine. This form of medicine originates in India about 5000 years ago and focuses on the body, mind, and environment trying to bring a balance amongst these three factors and thus hoping that this will bring forth a healthy being. â€Å"Ayur means â€Å"life† and â€Å"vedic† means â€Å"knowledge† in Sanskrit in essence Ayurveda hopes to bring knowledge of life to the way of medicine. Since this form of medicine was first practiced in India many philosophies of Hinduism are woven into the way Ayurveda is practiced. Hinduism deals a lot with the spiritual world and how the body and soul connects with the universe. Much like concepts in Hinduism, â€Å"the concepts of universal interconnectedness, the bodys constitution (prakriti), and life forces (doshas) are [also] the primary basis of ayurvedic medicine. † (Johns Hopkins) . These three doshas are categorized by one: Vata; which controls bodily functions dealing with motion. Two: Pitta; which controls the body’s metabolic functions. Three: Kapha; which controls growth in the body. Through these pathways those who practice Ayurveda try and achieve a homeopathic method of restoring or preventing disease. Hindus believe that to reach salvation, or moksha, one has to find the right balance in life and follow that path. Ayurvedic treatments follow a similar pattern where one must find the imbalance in ones life and treat that at its core. Ergo bringing balance back to these doshas. Many of these methods include a wide range of therapies, meditation, dietary changes, yoga, etc. Aside from the treatments methods Ayurveda medicinal products also greatly differ from that of the West. Where Western medicine is man-made and evidence based, Ayurvedic medicine is all natural taken from herbs, plants, spices etc. For example; Triphala, a common Ayurvedic medicine is a full combination of plants. This particular medicine is made by combining three different types of fruit bearing plants (without the seed). Ayurvedic medicine, like this medication, all follow a fully plant based foundation. When using these kinds of medicine the years of education that go behind it is still important. In the United States and Canada there are no Ayurvedic training and licensing standards set nor are there any practitioners but â€Å"in India, there are many undergraduate and postgraduate colleges for Ayurveda, where the training can involve up to five years of study† (Altmedicine). Ayurvedic medicine has proved to help in many situations in a case study I read from the Jiva Ayurvedic treatment center a forty year old woman suffering from cancer used the Rasayana and Sroto Shodhak Chikitsa treatment, which combined minerals, herbs, and spices for a longer lifespan and to boost immunity. It was recorded that â€Å"her bone scan, brain scan, and the thorax-abdominal scan reports showed up normal results, indicating that her condition was stabilizing with the treatment† (Jiva). This case is just one example of the many times Ayurvedic medicine has been effective in helping prevent and treat disease. On the other hand though, as technology has improved and the study of the body has reached new depths Western medicine has discovered startling new medications that have paved way to the eridcation of some of the most fatal diseases and prevented many others. Western medicine is an applied science where the patient is treated by various health care professionals, coming in contact with numerous technologies, and ingesting a chemical based medication. To sum up Western medication in the most laman of ways: clinical judgement is used to find a prognosis and diagnosis for a patients ailment and thus drugs and sometimes radiation or of the like are used to treat or prevent the disease. Although many of todays medicines are made from plants it undergoes a chemical  process to create the end result most of us use. The research and development that goes into creating a new drug is much more extensive than Ayurvedic medications because of the time and money invested as well as the compounds used to create the drug are much more extreme than most of the herbs and spices used in Ayurvedic treatments. In the United States, in every country for that matter, Western medicine has been the foundation of health care and been constantly advancing. Since the days of plants based medications and eradicating diseases like polio, to using new technology to detecting cancer earlier and discovering newer and newer vaccinations Western medication has been ever-changing. Unlike Ayurvedic medication, Western medicine has been known to work quicker and more effectively. Possibly because there is more evidence in favor of Western medicine as well as practitioners and researchers choosing that path to study and follow with more people there is a more time and money invested. Though this may be the opinion of some, both medicines have proven their merit in many cases. With an evident pattern among both these styles of medication where both try to prevent or cure illness the method amongst these two medicines are highly different. With such different methods there will undoubtedly be side effects that highly differ amongst these two styles. Ayurvedic medicine in some cases have showed a high count of metal in the medications used for treatments. Research indicated that â€Å"one in five Ayurvedic medicines commonly used by followers of the ancient Indian health philosophy were found to contain the metallic poisons lead, mercury or arsenic† (Reuters). After studying these toxic metals it is unclear as to how exactly these metals get into the medications. Some researchers believe that it can be found in the soil that these herbs and plants are found and thus contaminates them or another possibility is the human pollution especially common in a lead polluted country like India. Most commonly it may be a manufacturing accident or even intentional injection. Dr. Robert Saper of the Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center commented that â€Å"theres some studies that show that some herbs have a very promising anti-diabetic effect, anti-high blood pressure effect, [and] a cholesterol-lowering (effect). † Evidence showing that though these medicines may hold metals, if researchers of Ayurvedic practice can remove the toxicity of these drugs than there is a promising future for Ayurvedic  medicine and, if the right processes are harvested, can possibly be a leading system for generations to come. Western medicine on the other hand hold a different set of side effects that have a far wider range. Because Western medicine is based more on a chemical process to create the drug the body becomes much more susceptible to negative reactions. Allergic reactions can be fatal; â€Å"antibiotics such as those in the sulfonamide and penicillin families cause allergic reactions in around five per cent of the population† (Betterhealth). Another common issue with Western drugs is that people get highly addicted to them and it can cause ulcers or adverse long term effects like in the case of Advil; if used to an extreme it can cause stomach ulcers because the acidity in the drug strips away stomach lining. This is clear evidence showing that the acidic levels in many of the more modern medicine have a serious negative effect on patients. Relying on anything can be harmful because as the saying goes; too much of a good thing can be bad. For Western medication, creating a new drug means doing hours of research and testing the drugs and once this is done the drug would have gone through numerous synthesis’ before finally being put on the market. Unlike Ayurvedic medicine, the United States has stricter regulations on the drugs that are produced as final products. The Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA has to approve the drug after its first stage of clinical testing, first on animals then on humans. After the passing those tests the FDA can deem the drug fit for consumption and is allowed to sell in the market. Most people would imagine that once testing is complete all side effects should be known and if there is a serious problem with the drug then the FDA wouldn’t approve it, correct? Well the biggest issue that arises is that most of these drugs may have hidden effects that researchers don’t find, because they didn’t know to even look for it. Some of these effects can be so fatal that the drugs needs an immediate recall off the market but in most cases the drug might go back to the first phase of testing or it is added to the list of side effects this drug has. For an individual trying to decide which method to try when dealing with a medical issue theres a lot of factors to consider with all these different issues with both styles of medicine is it hard for one to decide which method will be the best for them. From what I have learnt from my research if someone wants to pick a style of medicine it is impacted by one important element: time. The timing is very significant. Meaning that depending on how far along the medical issue is be that it might be diabetes or cancer both have phases and with a combination of these both styles prognosis can be much more optimistic. Bibliography. Abbott, R. B. et al. Medical student attitudes toward complementary, alternative and integrative medicine Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2010) How We Discover New Medicines. . N. p. , 06 Aug 2013. Web. 6 Dec 2013. gsk. com/research/how-we-discover-new-medicines. html . . John Hopkins University . Web. 6 Dec 2013. . ummedu. . University of Maryland Medical Center . Web. 6 Dec 2013. . Vilinius, Lithuania. Jiva Ayurveda. . N. p.. Web. 6 Dec 2013. . Wong, Cathy . Ayurveda. . N. p. , 13 Aug 2013. Web. 6 Dec 2013. . . www. chopra. com. The Chopra Center. Web. 6 Dec 2013. .

Personal Financial Services in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal Financial Services in China - Essay Example Throughout the world, China is considered as a pioneer in all kinds of new technologies and modern scientific approaches to business. Thus, it has recorded a very high average growth rate of 10% for the last three decades (Zhu, 2012, p. 115). The economic structure is such that the country follows a socialist model in which unionization is supported and the people are provided with social benefits (Chao, 1986, p.245). The fair competition takes place where private and public enterprises work in harmony with one another and try to deliver an efficient allocation of the resources in the economy. The economy of China has the highest rate of urbanization and it is also the largest economy in the world. The country started the endeavor to industrialize the economy at the beginning of the 1950s. Before 1978, the growth rate of the economy was 3 % per annum which increased to 8% post-1978 period. There was a reversal in the pattern of accumulation of capital and the productivity growth of t he factors of production like labor and technology. The rate of labor participation grew very slowly during this period because the growth rate of population was very low (Schultz, 1953, p.136). The basic model that every business in the people’s republic of China followed was focused on investment. This strategy was taken only to achieve economies of scale and high rate of growth by the government of China (Naughton, 1995, p.45). However, it was not much of a success and led to many unfavorable consequences for the society.... Fair competition takes place where private and public enterprises work in harmony with one another and try to deliver efficient allocation of the resources in the economy. The economy of China has the highest rate of urbanisation and it is also the largest economy of the world. The country started the endeavour to industrialise the economy at the beginning of the 1950s. Before 1978, the growth rate of the economy was 3 % per annum which increased to 8% post 1978 period. There was a reversal in the pattern of accumulation of capital and the productivity growth of the factors of production like labour and technology. The rate of labour participation grew very slowly during this period because the growth rate of population was very low (Schultz, 1953, p.136). The basic model that every business in the people’s republic of China followed was focused on investment. This strategy was taken only to achieve economies of scale and high rate of growth by the government of China (Naughto n, 1995, p.45). However, it was not much of a success and led to many unfavourable consequences for the society. The agricultural production in the country also faced a setback because of this reason. In the post 1990 period, the economy of China again started growing at a very high average rate of 10% and it was accompanied by a very high rate of inflation. The Asian financial crisis had a very little impact on the Chinese economy only through the fall in the FDI and reduction in the exports of the country. This is because China had very large reserves and the cash inflows that took place in the country were mainly long term in nature and could not be withdrawn by the investors. But it was not completely unaffected. The rate of unemployment was increasing and the growth rate was

Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 26

Memo - Essay Example She needs exhaustive information that will enable her influence formulation of an appropriate public relations campaign. The audience requires utmost formality in this context. The memo is an official document that will influence successive undertakings at the company. She will file the memo for future references a feature that requires formality. The audience values exhaustive and objective communication. She requires an extensive analysis of the effects that the detour will have on the local Indonesian communities. Key among the benefits of the audience is the fact that she is a professional in the sector. This implies that she will readily understand the concepts I will address. Furthermore, she understands the project and will easily transform the ideas I will present into appropriate public relations campaigns. While the planned detour is inevitable, it will present a number of adverse ramifications on the rural Indonesian community. The planned diversion traverses large plantations of chili, coffee and team among other crops. The terrain is rugged but has a clean and quiet atmosphere. As such, the diversion that seeks to make large trucks move through the rural villages will cause immense disruptions on the community’s way of life. Key among the social and cultural features of the community are: With such an overview and basic understanding of the community, the research team will investigate the effects that the diversion will have on each of the above features among many others thereby creating an appropriate campaign message. The team members will undertake their duties as follows: The team will carry out an extensive analysis of the nature of the detour on its effects on the local community thereby developing an effective public relations campaign that will inform the locals thereby safeguarding the reputation of the

Global Financial Crisis in 2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Financial Crisis in 2008 - Essay Example Precisely, some of the great organizations that succumbed to this crisis include Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, AIG, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac as well as Meryl Lynch. All these were recognized as brand organizations and as such, they had been nationalized effectively. In addition to this, these organizations had risk management systems entailing technical excellence. Irrespective of this, they still succumbed to the effect of the Global Financial Crisis. The question is: if they indeed had implemented a superior risk management strategy, then why did they go under? Therefore, this article aims at establishing what could be the corporate weakness that contributed to their failure.2 Despite the fact that these institutions had established the right risk management strategies, there must have been flaws within those systems. To establish and better understand these flaws, it is essential that one understand some various concepts: Interconnectivity between operational risk, credit risk and systemic risk Risk management strategies are usually established and implemented in an effort toward readying an organization for any eventual risk that may occur. There are three categories of risks that an organization faces depending on the nature of its operations. These are: Operational risks: These are usually described as breakdowns that occur internally within the control systems as well as the corporate governance and as such, it results in financial losses attributable to errors, fraud or even inability to perform timely. In addition to this, these risks cause the interest rates set by the financial institutions to become compromised in some way.3 Systematic risks: These are risks that occur within a certain market segment or within the entire market. According to financial analysts, the aftermath of systemic risks is that the value of the portfolio of an organization declines. Such risks arise due to political or even economical problems like the global financial crisis in 2008. Other factors that facilitate the occurrence of systemic risks include changes of interest rates, wars as well as calamities. Credit Risks: These are risks that arise out of uncertainty in credit worthiness of a borrower, that is, uncertainty on the ability of the borrower to meet his obligations. They usually take a variety of forms since the borrowers could be a range of parties including the sovereign governments. According to most financial analysts, all these risks are interrelated or interconnected and as such, they are the major risks that warrant an organization to establish risk management strategies. According to most financial analysts, both the systemic as well as the credit risks are commonly underpinned by the need for individuals within an organization to follow some stipulated work procedures as well as the need to engage in particular work related activities, which can be said to be strong human elements. This underpinning is what can be referred to as oper ational risks, and this is where the interconnectivity is underlain.4 These three types of risks can therefore be said to have caused the extinction of the aforementioned organizations that were major players within the economy. The most obvious reason for this is due to failed transactions. Whenever financial credit occurs, the approval of credit worthiness of any organization by the financial institutions is usually delayed. This is because during such times, credit approval must be

What is a Training Contract?

What is a Training Contract? To be a successful solicitor, you will need more than legal knowledge to ace your exams and plunge to the challenging world of law. You will also need to have a substantial training period. As aspiring solicitors, you need to start preparing to apply to training contracts. Currently, it is normal for students to start applying for training contracts in the second year of their LLB (their Law Degree program) or the final year of their non-law degree. However, the recent change to the Graduate Recruitment Code means law students may soon start applying in their first year of the university. The training contract, or period of recognised training, is the final stage on the path to qualifying as a solicitor. This period enables you to understand the practical implications of the law as well as developing your skills required in law practice. It is the stage where you put into practice what you learnt so far, and develop these still further within a working environment. You will have an opportunity to harness your commercial and financial awareness, negotiation skills, drafting, advocacy and client care skills. The training contract is usually a two-year period spent working at a law firm. Trainees in larger firms spend for blocks of six months each in different departments (they are usually called as seats). While in smaller firms, the training will not be so structured although the trainees will need to cover at least three areas of work. Your contract of employment Your relationship to your employer is that of apprenticeship, regulated by the SRA, to make you apply the skills you learn at the earlier stages into practice is a real, supervised environment. Hence your contract cannot be easily terminated by your employer unless there is a serious misconduct, you are so incapacitated that allow you not to be trained properly by the firm, or the business has been changed or closed. Training contracts often have a cancellation clause (like the inability to complete GDL or LPC). However, cases wherein trainees being fired by their employers are quite rare. Trainees must complete the Professional Skill Course, which the firm has to pay the course fees. The PSC will enable them to be fully qualified solicitors. This course is split into three modules: advocacy and communication skills, client care and professional standards, and financial and business skills. Aspiring solicitors must also be aware that SRA is considering a single central exam the Solicitors Qualifying Examination to be taken at the end of the training contract. What you need to learn During the training period, the SRA requires your firm to provide practical experience in at least three areas of English and Welsh law and practice. This apprenticeship provides the trainee solicitors avenues to develop and apply practical skills, which they will need as qualified solicitors. The trainees should develop the skills through the mixture of the following activities: Completing work and tasks by themselves; Assisting others; Observing experienced practitioners. Advocacy and oral presentation On completing the training period, trainee solicitors should be competent to exercise the rights of audience available to solicitors in admission. The trainees must be able to fully grasp the skills required to prepare, conduct, and present a case. Case and transaction management The trainee solicitors must acquire the skills in managing and running a case or transaction. To develop these skills, trainees should work on large cases or transactions as members of a team, or they should be given smaller transactions that they run by themselves. Client care and practice support To be able to deal with the strenuous demand of solicitors life, trainees should develop skills necessary to manage time, resources, and effort. They need to develop good working habits. Communication skills Through the apprenticeship, trainee solicitors should understand the importance of refined communication skills so that they can present oral and written presentation in a way that achieves its purpose. Dispute resolution Trainees should gain a full understanding of the skills and practice necessary in resolving disputes, including settling, mediation, and adjudication. in a fair, cost-effective, and timely manner that meets the clients needs. Trainees can develop these skills by attending tribunal hearings or alternative dispute resolution, meetings, and assisting with the preparation of cases. Drafting The trainees should develop the skills that enable them to produce clear, concise, and precise documents that achieve their purpose. Interviewing and advising This training experience will also help the trainee solicitors understand the importance of identifying their clients goal along with taking accurate instructions. They should experience observing and conducting interviews with clients, experts, witnesses, and others. Legal research Trainees should learn to find solutions by investigating the factual and legal issues, analysing problems, and communicating the results of their research. Negotiation By being given a chance a to observe negotiations conducted by experienced practitioners and/or conducting negotiations under close supervision, trainees will be able to understand the processes involved in contentious and non-contentious negotiations. They will also value the importance to the client or reach an agreement or solve the dispute. Other than the above-given skills needed, it is also important to note that the apprenticeship program can help develop the trainees character, which will make them suitable to practice law. Successful completion of training contracts does not necessarily guarantee a job offer, although the majority of the trainee solicitors work in the firms where they conduct their period of recognised training. Payment to Trainees All trainee solicitors receive a salary, but this varies depending on the firm and location. From August 2014, SRA announced that companies are required to pay the trainees the national minimum wage; however, may trainee solicitors receive more than the national minimum wage. Law firms particularly the larger ones offer to cover the cost of the LPC and/or GDL tuition fees, with some even providing support for living costs. In conclusion, the apprenticeship must be seen as a period to learn about several areas of practice and at the same time to find your spot in this competitive profession. Industrialization as an Engine of Economic Growth: India Industrialization as an Engine of Economic Growth: India A Case Study of India Introduction The process of Industrialization is considered at the core of economic growth in any economy and it is critical for development and progress. Since the Industrial Revolution, secondary sector development is regarded important for mass production, provision of employment opportunities, gaining advantage of technological advancements. The development of industrial sector has had spillover effects and brought about innovative solutions for other sectors as well such as agriculture, infrastructural development, trade and even the service sector. Thus, industrialization is considered as the ultimate engine of economic growth in an economy. This essay aims to provide insight into why Industrialization is critical for economic growth and how it results in creating development prospects in an economy. The essay will begin with exploring literature that highlights that Industrialization improves the GDP growth rate in an economy and absorbs labor surpluses created by other sectors of the econ omy. Literature also shed light on the popular Lewis Model. The essay then follows by presenting the case of India and how Industrialization has led to economic growth in India. The essay however pays little focus on the role of primary and tertiary sectors in the growth of economy. Industrialization as an Engine of Economic Growth: Literature Review Industrialization and its significance have been discussed by various scholars since the Industrial Revolution. While the debate has been taken to various fields of study, it is frequently mentioned in Economics to discuss the structural changes and the resultant economic effects it has caused. A large pool of literature has consensus over the stance that Industrialization is critical for development. Various scholars tend to prove their stance with the help of empirical analysis carried out in both developed and developing country. The core model supporting this stance was introduced by Arthur Lewis in 1950s in which explains why economies should shift from agricultural base to an industrial base. Lewis presented his theory of Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor and claimed that as the agricultural sector of the economy experiences labor surplus and low productivity, an economy should shift these surpluses to the industrial sector (Ranis, 2004). The growing manufacturing se ctor of the economy will tend to offer higher wages to the unemployed to provide them with an incentive to shift towards the manufacturing sector as well as to compensate them for the expenditures of moving to urban areas. Thus, the resultant increase in productivity and capital accumulation will lead to growth of industrial sector and this will generate sufficient employment opportunities to absorb unemployment in other sectors of the economy (Guru, 2016). Lewiss model however, assumes that all the wages provided are used up and all the profit earned is reinvested. Thus, this would lead to expansion of the industrial sector. Conclusively, saving and investments as a ratio of national income in an economy will tend to rise, leading to growth and development in an economy (Guru, 2016). Lewis aims to directly address the issue of development through proposing the expansion of industrial sector. However, the theory is subject to various loopholes. Lewiss model is criticized for ignoring the surplus absorption capacity of the agriculture sector. Guru (2016) argues that developing nations like China and Bangladesh have an increasing population rate so the shift of labour from agriculture to manufacturing or smaller fraction of total population being employed in agriculture is difficult in labour surplus economies. Hence, development of agrarian sector through capital accumulation, reforms and technological advancement will generate opportunities within the sector to absorb any surpluses (Guru, 2016). Criticism however, still fails to undermine the contribution of the Lewis Model in Development Economics. Industrialization still tends to be the key towards development in various economies of the world. Supporting the Lewis Model, various scholars tend to highlight the role of industrial development in the economic growth of a country. Syrquin Chenery (1989) attribute increasing growth rates to the manufacturing sector development in a particular economy. They argue that an increase in industrial output (resulting from greater demand) will lead to GDP growth as well as improved labor productivity (Syrquin Chenery, 1989). A wide range of scholars also tend to acknowlege technological advancement and its role in evident structral changes. It is argued that less profitbale and productive sectors are replaced with more efficient ones in the contemporary era. In order to ehance aggregate productivity, technological change is considered to be the core of economic growth. Thus, scholars like Kaldor (1970) and Cornwall (1977), refering back to Industrial Revolution where technology revived the manufacturing sector, argue that improvements and growth in the manufacturing sector are the cor e drivers of economic growth. Technological advancement did not only improve the manufacturing sector, but also led to productivity improvements in various other sectors of the economy. For e.g. manufacturing of tractors brings imrpovement in the agricultural sector. Thus, technological advancement has been directly linked with industrial development and economic growth. Advocates of the aforementioned argument also tend to support their stance by examining the impact of industrialization on poverty and income inequality through empirical analysis. Bourguignon Morrison (1998), identified removal of trade protection in manufacturing sector as the reason for reduction in the income of the richest 20 percent and increse in the income of poorest 60 percent, in 35 developing countries of the world. Likewise, Dollar Kraay (2004) found a strong correlation between variations in trade volumes and, growth and inequality. This can be explained such that as the manufacturing sector imrpoves it production volumes, it earns more which can be reinvested. Reinvestment leads to better incomes and employment opportunities for the poor bridging the inequality and making poor better off. Opposing school of thought however have been trying to reinstate the importance of agricultural sector in the economies. An empirical study by Awokuse (2009) suggests that agriculture is a driver of economic growth such that agricultural produce leads to trade openess which has positive impact on GDP per capital. Thus, Awokuse (2009) argues that resource allocation and infrasturcture development should be carried out targeting agricultural improvements in an economy. Similarly, opposing school also favour the development of tertiary sector in order to undermine the importance of secondary sector in the economy. Park Noland (2013) argue that service sector can serve as the new engine of economic growth in an economy specifically in asian economies, as an analysis of 12 asian economies already indicated that service sector has contributed to the growth of the economies in the past (Park Noland, 2013). However, Szirmai Verspagen (2010) rule out their findings and claim that manufacturing sector is still important than any other sector in a country in the contemporary era. His empirical findings were inline with the engine of growth hypothesis and illustrate that manufacturing sector has the biggest share in the economic growth of a country and this impact is more prominent in poorer economies. Conclusively, majority of the scholarly pool of knowledeg supports the fact that countries shall inustrialise in order to develop. Industrialisation and Development in India South-Asian countries have been traditionally known to be export oriented particulrary in manufacturing products. Most of the Asian economies have been known for shifting from agrarian base to industrial base in order to develop. This has been inevitably true in the case of China, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan etc. India however, has been known for its strong industrial base and its Industrialisation led strategy of development and economic growth. Since Indias adoption of liberalisation policy in 1991, multiple opportunities for investment have attracted various foreign investors. The government ensured that projects were approved quickly and moreover 34 industrial sectors were allowed automatic approval of projects. The investment was focused on the industrial sector and thus, has majorly contributed towards manufacturing sector growth. There was also relaxation in the percentage of ownership to be held by foreign actors. This led to various industrial project initiation in the sectors like automobiles, infrastructure, computer softwares etc. Indias liberalization policy had been so successful that its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) climbed up from being $170 million during 1991-1992 to $1.3 billion in 1994-1995. Since the last century India has been attracting $10 billion of FDI annually, most of which are for industrial projects. Hence, India;s FDI is approximately 25 times more than what it was before adoption of liberati on policy (Hambrock Hauptmann, 1999). Undoubtedly, Indias liberalization policy led to a major structural shift in the economy. The role of Industrial sector in the economy was enhanced and it ultimately led to development and economic growth. Kniivila (2007) reports that India has undertaken huge structural change since the last 40 years where the contribution of agriculture value added to GDP has gone down from being 45% in 1965 to 19% in 2005. Despite of this, the overall growth rates in the economy have risen mainly attributing to the growth in manufacturing sector. The growth rate of manufaturing industry value added averaged at 6.6% between 1980 and 2002 while the growth in agriculture was just 2.8% (Kniivila, 2007). Thus, this growth has brought various benefits to the country. The most evident trend in India has been the increase in trade flows. During the period 1991-2002, Indias gross trade flows trippled with trade-GDP ration rising from 21.3% to 33.1%. A major contributor to this was merchandise exports that grew by 145% (Kelkar, 2004). Manufacturing sector has a major proportion in the merchandise exports of the country. While it accounted for 43% of merchandise export in 1962, it trippled by 2003 (Figure 1). 11% of the total merchandise exports consisted of food exports in 2003. Other important manufacturings included textiles, clothing, gems, chemicals, drugs and dyes and automobile components (Kelkar, 2004). Thus, since the liberalization policy, he industrial portfolio of India has not only widened but has also brought about spill over benefit for the economy by improving the wages of basic level employees and increasign the national income through volumnous trading. While the industrialization process has improved economic growth in India, it simultaneously reduced the risk of growth volatility such that since 1980s the standard deviation of GDP growth has fallen down to 1.9% (Kelkar, 2004). An important reason for this is the rise of industries and decrease in the contribution of agriculture sector in national income. While Industrialisation has developed the national economy of India, it has also served to improve the living standards of the population addressing the issues faced by the poor population. Since the structural shift towards Industrialisation, the Indian government reports that the employmnet rates have gone up and the percentage of poor in the total population of the country as falledn from 45.7% in 1983 to 27.1% in 2000 in rural areas whereas it has fallen from 40.8% to 23.6% in urban areas. Overall, the poverty line of the country declined from 44.5% to 26.1%, which can mainly be attributed to the better earnings and living sta ndards of the poor resulting in better welfare for them. According to Mishra Kumar (2005), trade liberalization resulting in enhacement of industrial sector has decreased wage inequality in manufacturing. Sectors marked by tarriff reductions experienced wage increments. Because mostly the tarrif reductions were imposed in sectors with great number of unskilled labor, these sectors were marked by increasing wages an thus, it led to increase in inome levels of poor unskilled labour (Mishra Kumar, 2005). However, a significant loophole of liberalisation policy in India has been its biasness in implementation. It is to be noted that reforms for the manufacturing sector depended upon their location and level of technological advancement. While liberalization attempted to inroduce innovation and growth in industries, it mainly trageted industries with scope in technological advancement. Moreover, some industries that were labour intensive were prevented from introduction of innovation so that it does not lead to unemployment. This, restricted te spill over effects of industrialization in some areas and hence led to inequality. However, at large industrialization prominently improves the economic conditions of India. In support of theory, it has also been empirically tested that Industrialisation has served as an important engine of growth in India. Chakarvarty Mitra (2009) carried out empirical analysis and concluded on the basis of VAR analysis that manufacturing sector is one of th emain stimulator o growth in India and many economic activities in India are becomign dependent upon industries. Similarly, Kathuria, et al., (2013) examined the growth in manufacturing sector and output in Indian states and concluded that manufacturing is still an important for growth in India. Hence, the case of India clearly depicts that boost in the industrial sector has been the major driver of economic growth in India since 1991. Technological advancements have been balanced out with Industrial growth to imrpove the economic state of the country. Thus, Industrialisation is the engine of economic growth in India. Conclusion Conclusively, we have established that Industrialization and Manufacturing sector growth is the ultimate engine of economic growth. It helps in curbing inequalities by improving the wages of the poor unskilled labor force and also tends to improve the trade volume of the economy. This has been inevitable in the case of India. Post-Liberalization manufacturing sector development has brought about major benefits for India. Industrialization has resulted in consistent growth, increase in productivity and exports, and reduced level of poverty. This has certainly led to development at a phenomenal rate in India. Hence, Industrialization has served as the driver of economic growth in India, being in line with the Lewis Model. This has not only been proved theoretically but also empirically by Chakarvarty Mitra (2009) and Kathuria, et al., (2013). A few development challenges still faced by India attribute to the loopholes in the legal and justice system, and massive regulations in the lab or market. However, Industrialization has seemingly solved most of the development challenges in India. Figure 1. Export of Commodities in India 1988-2003 Source: Kniivila (2007) Awokuse, T. O., 2009. Does Agriculture Really Matter for Economic Growth in Developing Countries? , s.l.: University of Delaware: Department of Food Resource Economics. Bourguignon, F. Morrison, C., 1998. Inequality and Development: Role of Dualism. Journal of Development Economics, Volume 57, pp. 233-257. Chakarvarty, S. Mitra, A., 2009. Is industry still the engine of growth? An econometric study of the organized sector employment in India. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(1), pp. 22-35. Cornwall, J., 1977. Modern Capitalism: Its Growth and Transformation. s.l.:Martin Robertson. Dollar, D. Kraay, A., 2004. Trade, Growth and Poverty. The Economic Journal, February, 114(493), pp. F22-F49. Guru, S., 2016. The Lewis Model of Development with Unlimited Labour Supply. [Online] Available at: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/the-lewis-model-of-development-with-unlimited-labour-supply-2/38290/ Hambrock, J. Hauptmann, S., 1999. Industrialiation in India. [Online] Available at: https://www.tcd.ie/Economics/assets/pdf/SER/1999/Hambrock_Hauptman.pdf Kaldor, N., 1970. The Case of Regional Policies. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, November, 17(3), pp. 337-348. Kathuria, V., Raj, S. R. Sen, K., 2013. The effects of economic reforms on manufacturing dualism: Evidence from India. Journal of Comparitive Economics, Volume 41, pp. 1240-1262. Kelkar, V. L., 2004. India: On the Growth Turnpike, Canberra: Narayan Oration, ANU. Kniivila, M., 2007. Industrial Developemnt and Economic Growth: Implications for Poverty Reduction and Income Inequality. In: Industrial Development for 21st Century: Sustainable Development. New York: UN, pp. 295-332. Mishra, P. Kumar, U., 2005. Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality: Evidence from India, s.l.: IMF. Park, D. Noland, M., 2013. Developing the Service Sector as the Engine of Economic Growth, Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank. Ranis, G., 2004. econ.yale.edu. [Online] Available at: http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp891.pdf Syrquin, M. Chenery, H., 1989. Three Decades of Industrialization. The World bank Economic Review, May, 3(2), pp. 145-181. Szirmai, A. Verspagen, B., 2010. Is Manufacturing Still an Engine of Growth in Developing Countries?, s.l.: The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

Butler’s Tourism Lifecycle Model Essay

Butler developed a model which shows how any tourist resort may grow. A resort may start off from being a small, low key, destination. He suggests that all resorts go through the same sort of process. The seven stages of tourist development A graph of Butler’s resort life cycle model 1. Exploration – a small number of tourists visit the area. The area is unspoilt and few tourist facilities exist. 2. Involvement – local people start to provide some facilities for tourists. There starts to become a recognised tourist season. 3. Development – the host country starts to develop and advertise the area. The area becomes recognised as a tourist destination. 4. Consolidation – the area continues to attract tourists. The growth in tourist numbers may not be a fast as before. Some tensions develop between the host and the tourists. 5. Stagnation – the facilities for the tourists may decline as they become old and run down. The numbers of tourists may decline too. 6. Rejuvenation – investment and modernisation may occur which leads to improvements and visitor numbers may increase again. 7. Decline – if the resort is not rejuvenated (stage 6) then it will go into decline. People lose their jobs related to tourism. The image of the area suffers. The Butler model is a generalisation, and so not all resorts will follow this process. Application of Butler’s Tourism Lifecycle Model to Calafell & Sitges, Spain (MEDC) Sitges and Calafell are approximately equal-sized settlements lying to the south west of Barcelona. Both rely on tourism as a major source of income and employment and the study aims to compare the relative success of tourism, in its various forms, by employing the Butler Model. 1. SITGES Sitges – a brief history Sitges is a town of approximately 25,000 people and is located about 30 km south of Barcelona. Originally occupied by the Romans on a defensive headland looking out to sea, Sitges’ port was used to trade products from the Penedà ¨s region and other places from the Roman Mediterranean. Despite its direct contact with the sea, the town had more peasant farmers than fishermen, with vineyards being the main economic activity. In the 18th century Catalonia obtained permission to trade directly with the West Indian Spanish colonies and by 1833 more than 27% of the Catalans trading with Cuba were Sitgetans. The fortunes made were invested in the purchase or repair of the town’s old houses. Sitges, although located close to Barcelona, was still hard to access at the time, but began to develop as a summer resort for taking the waters. As early as 1879, there are records showing that baths were already being used as medicinal therapy and spa enthusiasts directly became beach ent husiasts. However, it was not until 1881, with the arrival of the railway line from Barcelona, that tourism in Sitges really began to develop. With the arrival of Santiago Rusià ±ol in 1891 – one of the architects of Modernism – Sitges became the cultural centre of the modernists. In 1909, Sitges was visited by Charles Deering, a North American millionaire who converted a street in the historic core into a palace, the Palau Maricel. This palace and Rusià ±ol’s residence helped launch Sitges to tourist fame. In 1918, the Terramar garden city and the Passeig Maritim or Esplanade were constructed. Atraccià ³n de Forasteros (Tourist Attraction Company) was created in 1928 and the Tourist Information Office in 1934. From then on, Sitges would become a European tourism standard setter. Aerial view of Sitges’ historic core The Butler Model applied to Sitges 1. Sitges Discovery Sitges was discovered early by people from the city of Barcelona. It later began to attract many artists and intellectuals such as Rusià ±ol. Many wealthy Catalans also built second homes in Sitges to escape a much polluted Barcelona. Much of the early wealth of Sitges was based on trade with the West Indies and Cuba in particular. The houses on the southern part of the Esplanade reflect this Cuban influence. 2. Sitges Growth and Development The local tourist industry remained in place until the developments of the 1960’s when tourism from overseas first began to filter into the town. The development of the package holiday whereby passengers booked flights, transfers and accommodation all in one booking made places such as Sitges accessible to people from Northern Europe. Furthermore, the use of jet aircraft made such perceived epic journeys now possible in under half of a day. Sitges responded to these developments with the construction of large hotels such as the Terramar and Calipolis on the sea front. Other smaller hotels were also built, often in converted Cubanesque houses. Restaurants, shops and bars also opened to cater for the needs of the increased number of tourists who visited in the main season extending from mid-May until the end of September. 3. Sitges Success Sitges is now a major tourist resort, perceived as high status and catering for more affluent visitors. It has a wide range of 36 hotels and 12 pensions, totaling 2,540 rooms. It is popular with the gay community, many of whom holiday in Sitges during the summer season. This has added to the success of the town and is further reflected in the range of high status shops and restaurants found there. There are over 150 clothes shops and 175 bars and restaurants, four times more than expected in a town the size of Sitges. Sitges has also attracted many migrants not just to work in the tourist industry but also others to live in the town. These include wealthy people from elsewhere in Spain, as well as others from around the world. The migrants comprise of 63% from Europe and 30% from Latin America. Many of the Europeans are living permanently in Sitges while others own second homes in the town. Proximity to Barcelona airport and the advent of low-cost airlines such as Easyjet and Ryanair have been an added boost to Sitges in attracting people on short breaks. Today large numbers of the tourists are independent travellers, making all of their own holiday arrangements via the internet rather than using a High Street travel agency. This has been especially important since the economic downturn as the majority of visitors are here for short breaks only. 4 Sitges Stagnation Tourism trends change. Many of the early tourists to Sitges now looked for cheaper alternatives to places they may have visited before or become tired of. New resorts opened as the Mediterranean countries of Greece, Turkey, Cyprus and others developed their tourist potential and more established resorts such as Sitges saw a fall in their traditional client base. This phase saw holiday companies such as Thompson remove Sitges from their holiday brochures. 5 Sitges Decline or Rejuvenation The fall in the traditional tourist base has led Sitges to try to develop more sustainable strategies. Many environmental improvements are in progress and the resort has been rebranded as an all-year destination. To this end the calendar of events that Sitges offers extends well beyond the traditional holiday season. The extension of the season has been promoted with the production of a DVD with the theme ‘Sitges the art of living’. This appeals to high income professional groups to make Sitges a permanent base for multiple short breaks in the Mediterranean sun. Sitges has capitalised on its proximity to Barcelona to become one of the main destinations for Business and Conference tourism in Catalonia. Its specialised hotels in this sector include the Dolce Sitges, with over 30 meeting rooms and the Melià ¡ Sitges, with a conference hall seating more than 1,300 delegates and 16 meeting rooms. Furthermore, the Sitges Council is embarking on a project called ‘QUALIA Sitges’ to enhance tourism by exploiting what is called the ‘creative economy’. This refers to the development of activities relating to creativity, art and culture which will compliment Sitges’ tourist based economy. It aims to build upon the earlier role of Sitges as a centre of art and cu lture based upon the works of the artist Rusià ±ol in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It aims to encourage and promote cultural and artistic tradition with new technology. The project is a long term plan covering the next ten years and will see the development of a state of the art campus with a school of music and dance, a University of the Performing Arts and a Design Centre. These facilities will bring in to Sitges up to 2,000 students a year as well as a further 2000 jobs including academic staff and other professionals working in the QUALIA facility. It has been estimated that each student will spend approximately 750â‚ ¬ per month in Sitges of which 150â‚ ¬ will be on tourist and leisure facilities. Added to this are the family and friends of the students coming to see them who are expected to add a further 25,000 guest nights in Sitges and the use of the town’s tourist facilities. Therefore, Sitges can be seen as moving forward in its plans to remain a major leisure destination by diversifying to ensure long term sustainability. 2. CALAFELL Calafell – a brief history Calafell has a population of approximately 25,000 people and lies 50 km south of Barcelona. It owes its origins to a castle and occupied a defensive site on an inland hill. The name Calafell means ‘small castle’ and the earliest reference to it dates from 999AD. For years the economy of Calafell was devoted to agriculture and fishing. Like Sitges, the arrival in the late 1880’s of the railway from Barcelona led to a change in its economic fortunes. Calafell became more accessible and the development of second homes around the railway stations flourished with the 1947 Garden City project known as the Quadra de Segur. At first people lived there only during holiday periods, but now the majority of the population are permanent residents. It was not until the 1960’s that tourism began to develop strongly in Calafell, especially along the 5km of uninterrupted beach where numerous apartment buildings and hotels were constructed. With the blessing of successive city councils, a huge speculative boom in the 1970’s led to an endless row of 6-storey apartments facing the sea. Later regulations prevented excessive vertical growth whilst inland the prohibition of building over two and a half floors led to more green space and a lower population density. Today, the town of Calafell is delimited into three very distinct areas. To the north, narrow streets surround the castle and the old church. To the south, and disconnected from the historic core, the former seafront fishing village has been converted into tourist area. And to the east is Segur de Calafell, a former Garden City of second homes developed on farmland surrounding the railway station. | Calafell castle: the historic core of Calafell is disconnected from the seafront beach resort| | Calafell seafront: 6-storey apartments facing the sea| The Butler Model applied to Calafell 1. Discovery Calafell, like Sitges, benefited from the opening of the railway line but because of its greater distance from Barcelona, there was very slow development until a huge speculative boom in the 1970’s. Developers constructed hotels and apartments to take advantage of the resort’s greatest asset – its long and wide beach. 2. Growth and Development The construction of the promenade and the completion of the sea front apartments and hotels attracted families from Madrid and northern Spain, particularly in the summer months. New businesses opened to cater for the needs of these people. 3. Success The 5 km stretch of coastline comprising the beach resort of Calafell became fully occupied during the high seasons of the 1970’s and 1980’s. However, Calafell never attracted the package tour operators in the way that Sitges has done and the range of hotels is very limited. 4. Problem – Stagnation The speculative boom of the 1970’s and 1980’s resulted in the destruction of nearly all of Calafell’s original seafront. The fishing cottages were replaced by an endless row of 6-storey apartments facing the sea. As a result, the seafront lacks character and charm and with the economic crisis and competition from other resorts in Spain and overseas, the number of hotel rooms has decreased by 17% in the last decade (from 1,690 in 1996 to 1402 in 2006). The immigrant population now represents 20% of the total population of Calafell, having grown rapidly in recent years. However, Calafell has not attracted large numbers of wealthy people from elsewhere in Spain and Europe in the way Sitges has. Instead, approximately 50% of the immigrants are from North Africa, settling in the area of Segur de Calafell. Calafell thus seems to be in stagnation or decline mode. Calafell: only one cottage from the original seafront remains today 5. Decline or Rejuvenation Like Sitges, the fall in the traditional tourist base has led Calafell to try to develop more sustainable strategies. Many environmental improvements are in progress and the resort has been rebranded as an all-year destination. However, tourism in Calafell has taken a rather different path to Sitges. The family-orientated nature of the resort has been promoted, with Calafell earning the ‘Family Holiday Destination certificate’ from the Catalan government in 2007. This recognised the family-oriented accommodation, restaurants and a range of leisure activities provided. Calafell has a Children’s Club in the summer months and, like Sitges, has a tourist train running along the sea front and a second linking the beach area with the historic core inland. Calafell has helped pioneer the trend for more active holiday pursuits and in 2008 became the first resort in Spain to offer Nordic walking. This, together with trekking and mountain biking are provided free of charge, with certified guides. However, despite adopting the slogan ‘Calafell tot l’any’ (‘Calafell, all year’), the resort has struggled to extend the tourist season as effectively as Sitges. Calafell’s 2009 Municipal Urban Plan (POUM) seeks to stop the uncontrolled urban growth of the town, protect the natural and historical heritage and maintain and enhance the tourism that forms its economic base. Calafell needs to widen its tourism offer and new economic activities need to be attracted to diversify its economy if it is to avoid becoming a dormitory town for Barcelona. It can therefore be seen that both Sitges and Calafell cater for tourists but are two very different towns. The proximity of Barcelona has enabled Sitges to grow much more rapidly and diversify its tourism more effectively than Calafell with the result that the two towns have developed and evolved in different ways.

Example Essay How to Study Smart

Title: Motivational Speech of â€Å"Smart Study & Score† A very good morning to our principle, teacher, parent and fellow student. I am Wlliam, from University Malaysia Sabah and today I would like to deliver my speech titled â€Å"Smart Study & Score†. Good study habits are more important than score ranking especially as a student and this is one of my deep experiences. Parent are generally attached great importance to the child’s learning and want their children to test scores may be a high-ranking.Because we know that child ranking has remained at the front of the class, he will wish to studies and even the university entrance examination, which is understandable. But in fact his study habits than his scores more reliable, more important than the ranking. Of course, if we study smart then we will score high ranking at school or work place also. Nowadays, the worlds also become challenge so we need study smart to get the high scare. Student must understand abou t what they are study which also can use in working place at future.High ranking is help student to get the more high position in the company or more easy to accept by the company. Different people have the different ways to study, but how to study smart and get the high scare? First, we need have the suitable environment to study such as library, classroom or single study. The place to study must be comfortable and quiet which we can concentrate. We cannot learn when not mood swings. Scientific studies have shown that, at the learning of mathematics and other subject we may difficult to concentrate.So before learning, we need to be calm state of mind and focus. Besides that, we need to learn arrange the time before study. Time management is very important to the student. First, you have to know the things to do within a week, and the n to develop a timetable. Spend not fill in the table on time, such as eating, sleeping, and class entertainment. Arrange the time and selected approp riate fixed time to learning. After that, you need to follow the timetable. In the addition, you need learn before the class.This is mean that before you conscientiously put into learning the first to learn quickly browse again, to understand the general content and structure of the new knowledge in order to understand. Of course, you may have to pay attention to the severity level of detail, in less important place you can spend less time in place, and you can slow down the process of learning a little. In the conclusion, learning is something interesting thing in the world. Student must pay attention on their homework and study which easy when survives in future. We need study smart to get the high ranking. That all from me and thanks you.

Imagination in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote Essays

Imagination in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote Essays Imagination in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote Paper Imagination in Heroics of Odysseus and Don Quixote Paper Essay Topic: Don Quixote Book I Fight Club Novel Literature The most respected and venerated social group in ancient times and middle ages were that of the heroic warriors, knights, and kings. The view of what it is to be a hero is winning honor through combat and in a competitive situation. A hero would be someone who has great fighting skill and would even dare to risk death to have honor. The heroes were the people who would lead their armies or fellow knights into battle and won accolades for their courage displayed on the battlefield. On the other hand, the cowardly were subjected to strong prejudice. Their existence was considered a burden on the earth and they were ignored and ridiculed by everyone. This noble characteristic is evident in the Odyssey by Homer and Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. Both the authors draw different characteristics of what it means to be a hero in different ways. In the Odyssey, mere fighting skill does not necessarily mean that Odysseus was the hero. Rather, we see a man who is very shrewd and cunning. Although he is a brilliant fighter, he also shows restraint and mercy. On the other hand, Don Quixote was not a born hero like Odysseus. He is deluded by chivalric ideas of heroism and valor and sets out to reform the world along with his sensible companion Sancho Panza. Both the heroes are from two very different times of the world but both of them tried to conquer the world with their heroic acts. Its not just their heroic acts that set them as two of the most renowned heroes of all time; its also their imagination or ability to conjure things that makes them stand out. But in comparison, imagination is the key which makes Don Quixote as the hero where imagination just adds a dimension to Odysseus character that rules him along with other traits. Heroes are renowned for their abundance of qualities that enable them to conquer any problem. Odysseus, from The Odyssey, is no different. He represents the heroic ideals of Ancient Greece, and is revered for his perseverance, intelligence, and leadership abilities. Greek heroes were the people who saved people; they were courageous wise and had fighting spirit. But apart from all, all the Greek heroes used to be favored by the divine gods. Odysseus holds almost all the heroic qualities. But he was not always favored by the good gods in his decade long voyage as stated by The Study Club (1922)- As a hero, Odysseus, it is true, ranks far below Achilles, but he is a much greater figure one who can endure without despair, even the disfavor of the gods and can by strength of will and the guidance of reason eventually triumph against unbelievable odds (p. 115). So, if it was not the help of the gods or if was not only his strength and power, what was it that helps him to survive such a long journey? It was his wit, it was his imaginary that saved in many occasion. It not only saved him, it also distinguishes him from many other Greek heroes who are remembered for their muscles, not for their brains. Odysseus departure from Troy is the beginning of his long heroic adventure. What of those years of rough adventure, weathered under Zeus? (Book 1)- This quote depicts not only the rough times Odysseus will have on his journey, but also reveals that Zeus will watch over him. Odysseus will cross the threshold and go to places from where no one has returned before. On the island of the Cyclops Odysseus exhibits his abilities, as he developed a plan to escape the Cyclops cave. Odysseus has this plan and utilizes it. He and most of his men escape the cave unharmed. This symbolized the escape from the belly of the whale (Anthony, 1972). Throughout his journey, Odysseus receives some help from supernatural powers, which aid him to fulfill the heroic voyage. Aeolus, the god of winds Presents Odysseus with a bag, filled with all the bad winds. Although this was a great help to Odysseus, it did not last long. Odysseus also had help from other gods and goddesses. But it was his own skill that helped Odysseus to pass the obstacles one after another. He becomes the first to ever pass the island of the sirens unharmed. He does not carry away with the lovely seductive songs of the sirens. The men filled their ears with wax and only Odysseus, who was tied to the mast, was able to hear the tempting songs. As they passed the island, Odysseus screamed to be free, but the men would not free him. It was a temptation that Odysseus keeps in check through foresight and imagination. Similarly, when Odysseus and his crews are trapped in the cage of Cyclops, he again uses his intelligence. He realizes that he cannot defeat the one-eyed monster with his sword and muscle. Rather, he opted to wait for the opportune moment and outwit Cyclops. When asked his name, Odysseus told Polyphemus that his name is Nobody. Odysseus feeds the Cyclops some wine, which made him fall asleep. Then Odysseus and his crew took a large burning timber and blinded the Cyclops. After hearing his cries, Polyphemuss neighbors, other one-eyed monsters come running to the cave. Polyphemus yelled to his neighbors through the stone door, Nobody is killing me! Nobody has blinded me! (Book IX) The neighbors dismissed his cries and return to their own caves. Here, at first when Odyssey disguises himself as Nobody, it seems there I no real significance in this. But finally it comes out as the trick that makes Polyphemus stranded and isolated when other Cyclops thinks that he is just too drunk and went insane. Similar treatment is received by Circe, the sorceress, as Odysseus knew that she is too strong for him and if he does not counter her with his intelligence, he will turn into pigs along with his crews. Therefore, he again waits for the opportune moment and when it is there, he puts his sword on her throat and makes his way out. Again when he returns to Ithaca, he does not just go back to home. He is very much aware that things are not the same as he left them. There are suitors around here and many of them are ready to kill him and throw him out of his throne. Instead, Odysseus disguised himself as a beggar and starts to gain reliable companions. Finally, when Penelope arranges the contest, suspecting the beggar is none but his long lost husband; Odysseus again proves he is superior to the suitors and kills all of them one by one. And it does not end here since he realized he and his family is still not out of danger as the companions of the dead suitors will look for revenge and finally he triumphs over them as well. In any other story of epic, the hero would have not taken all this trouble of hide and seek play. They would have rather come straight to confront their opponents and beat them after a fierce battle and triumph. It is the wit, intelligence and the vision that distinguish him from many other epic heroes. In contrast to Odysseus, Don Quixote is not just another epic hero. He is not a youthful and strong knight or warrior who goes to a battle, fight fiercely and conquers them eventually. He is rather a man who has passed the prime of youth and now living in his middle ages. He has never gone to any battle or knight-errant, neither does he has any prior experience to fight. In Don Quixotes time, reading was the only entertainment in the home. Most people werent very well educated anyway so some could not tell the difference between pretend and reality. That is probably why people who read the bible took it so literally. The clergymen were more educated and knew how to take advantage of the people. People were so afraid of what it had to say; they did whatever it said so they would be doing well (Madariaga, 1928). Don Quixote did the same thing as those religious people. He believes exactly what he read. Unfortunately for him, those books were outdated; there were no knights in armor anymore. He convinced a less educated man to come with him on his travels. His squire is not as educated but he has good common sense. So, Don Quixote is actually the story of how an ordinary man becomes a hero even with his silly and foolish deeds. In medieval times, knights roamed the countryside of Europe, rescuing people and vanquishing evil lords and enchanters. This may sound absurd to many people in this time, but what if a person read so many books about these so-called knight-errants that he could not determine the real from that which was read? Such is the case in The Adventures of Don Quixote which takes place sometime in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Don Quixote is not really a don at all. He is a wealthy, intelligent farmer who read too many books about knight-errantry and goes crazy. He convinced a simple-minded peasant named Sancho to become his squire, promising him wealth and a high spot in society. Together they go for many adventures, both are convinced that they are doing brave and honorable acts of chivalry, when they are only two fools running around the countryside. Interesting part about Don Quixote is that his entire adventure is based upon his imagination. He lives in his own utopia where he sees everything from a great knights perspective, though the knights are long gone. He imagines himself as one of the great knights and vows to take the mission to rescue mankind. In his one of his adventures, he comes across a man named Juan Haldudo lashing his shepherd boy and thinks Haldudo is an evil knight. He challenges the farmer and makes him swear by the code of chivalry that he will pay all the accrued wages of the boy. Let all the world stand still if all the world does not confess that there is not in all the world a fairer damsel than the Empress of La Mancha, the peerless Dulcinea of El Toboso this is his announcement when he see a group of merchants and assumes that they are knights. The merchants think Don is crazed and he receives a beating from them. Again when Don comes across the giant windmills, he imagines them into evil giants. Despite his squires caution that they are harmless wind machines, he charges and one of the circling vanes knocks him out. When he realizes that these are windmills, he starts to believe that a magician must have turned the giants into windmills to thwart his heroic attack. The entire adventure of Don Quixote is based upon his imagination. He just does not seem to see things straight. Once he even attacks a funeral procession escorting a litter draped in black. He believes the litter holds the body of a wounded or slain knight who was the victim of villainy. He thinks the inns as castle and the giant turns out to be the innkeepers goatskins of wine. After many other eventful adventures, all which are something extravagant according to Dons illusion, finally he is beaten by a real knight and draws an end to his knight-errand. But he switches from one form to another- he now wants to be a shepherd and wants to live his life under the sky. He begins to think a shepherds life is a life that has appeal. Although the adventures of Don Quixote seem very stupid in nature outwardly, there are several factors which bear great value. Through his imaginary adventures, Don Quixote upholds the moral idealism. Even though he is mad, he realizes that there are eternal, unchanging values that remain valid in a modern, ever-changing world (Bell, 1947). Interestingly, throughout the novel, the character of Don Quixote remains a puzzle. Sometimes even it appears that behind his every mission, he has a vision. Liberty, Sancho, my friend, is one of the most precious gifts that Heaven has bestowed on mankind or Sanity may be madness but the maddest of all is to see life as it is and not as it should- this quotes suggests that may be he is deliberately trying to be a fool. Through his imagination, maybe he is trying to point out the lack of justice that prevails in the society. If we look at the use of imagination in both Odysseus and Don Quixote, we will actually find Don Quixote is the one who is dominated by his imagination a lot more than Odysseus. In fact Don Quixotes idea of realism seems to be in zero level in comparison to that of Odysseus. Odysseus is a seasoned hero who fought in numerous battles and is knowledgeable enough to know when to use the power of sword and when to use the might of his intelligence. In contrast, Don Quixote seems to be content with his own vision. He sees the world as he reads them in the book. To him the world is still threatened by the evil people and wicked knights and he must be acted as a savior. In fact, the imagination ruled Don Quixote so much that Sobre (1976) stated Don Quixote is a perfect example of created reality. The character Don Quixote is real, and he lives in a real world, but everything that he sees is exaggerated in his mind. He engages in so many adventures that he is convinced that he is doing brave and honorable acts of chivalry, when he is only a silly man running around the countryside. Odysseus on the other hand is very unlike Don Quixote and many heroes who seem invincible. They have no life, no feelings, no weaknesses. Odysseus feels pain, frustration and grief but at the same time his family and friends and those relationships and emotions are what make him like every person. He is brave and strong person, who is also very human. And above all its his ability to read a situation and use of his imaginative power to sort the best out of it. A large number of his adventures show his cool and calm nature and clear vision that makes him unlike most of the Greek epic heroes. So, we find here two different characters with two different attitudes to the world. Where Odysseus seems very practical and goal oriented, Don Quixote on the contrary is very much like a child and often seems very bizarre as a hero due to his uncanny behaviors. However, its the use of the imagination that actually draws the line of distinction between their heroics. Odysseus lives and conquers in a world where the daemons live along with the evil people and he fights them all with his might and wit. But Don Quixote has actually created a world which does not really exist in reality; it exists only in his dreams.

Free Essays on Engineer

The most important lesson I learnt was at my last consulting assignment when I seized the opportunity to take initiative in a team that was operating as a â€Å"Leaderless Team† due to lack of development manager. I learnt that people don’t at first follow worthy ideas but they follow worthy leader who promote worthwhile ideas. More often than not people will change their direction or their aims if they believe in the credibility of the leader. Having an understanding of that has changed my whole approach to leading. As a leader to accomplish the same I strive to build credibility first and forge relationship with my team-members so they buy into me first then only my vision has a chance of becoming reality. Despite being an outsider I was able to build relationship with the employees. I believe that genuine acts of caring uplift the spirits and draw people forward. For instance when the team had to meet a crucial deadline I volunteered to help a team-member who needed to leave work early to take care of his infant son. On another instance I helped resolve an impasse created when a team member could not communicate effectively to the database administrator the design criteria behind a change request. I believe cooperation is merely working together in agreement but collaboration is much more than that. Collaboration is working together aggressively wherein each person brings something to the table that adds value to the relationship and synergy to the team. Additionally, by not being suspicious of teammates and adopting the mind-set where you complete rather than compete with teammates the team can achieve stretch goals. With that mindset when I noticed that the whole team was experienci ng difficulties while following a software development process including the tool that facilitated the process she cataloged problems and investigated the traditional practices and proposed solutions to enhance productivity. This camaraderie helped me ... Free Essays on Engineer Free Essays on Engineer The most important lesson I learnt was at my last consulting assignment when I seized the opportunity to take initiative in a team that was operating as a â€Å"Leaderless Team† due to lack of development manager. I learnt that people don’t at first follow worthy ideas but they follow worthy leader who promote worthwhile ideas. More often than not people will change their direction or their aims if they believe in the credibility of the leader. Having an understanding of that has changed my whole approach to leading. As a leader to accomplish the same I strive to build credibility first and forge relationship with my team-members so they buy into me first then only my vision has a chance of becoming reality. Despite being an outsider I was able to build relationship with the employees. I believe that genuine acts of caring uplift the spirits and draw people forward. For instance when the team had to meet a crucial deadline I volunteered to help a team-member who needed to leave work early to take care of his infant son. On another instance I helped resolve an impasse created when a team member could not communicate effectively to the database administrator the design criteria behind a change request. I believe cooperation is merely working together in agreement but collaboration is much more than that. Collaboration is working together aggressively wherein each person brings something to the table that adds value to the relationship and synergy to the team. Additionally, by not being suspicious of teammates and adopting the mind-set where you complete rather than compete with teammates the team can achieve stretch goals. With that mindset when I noticed that the whole team was experienci ng difficulties while following a software development process including the tool that facilitated the process she cataloged problems and investigated the traditional practices and proposed solutions to enhance productivity. This camaraderie helped me ...

Assignment2 hlth3220 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment2 hlth3220 - Assignment Example However, this kind of analysis could also be used in one’s personal perspective as an self-assessment tool to determine personal strengths and competencies; any perceived weaknesses; as well as externa factors that offer opportunties or pose threats to the accomplishment of personal and professional goals. In this regard, the current discourse hereby aims to present the results of one’s SWOT analysis and to take three or four interesting points about the activity and to compare and contrast the findings/results of one’s analysis, as required. ... e or gregarious; Manifests tendencies to be an average achiever; despite knowing that one could still surpass the current level of accomplishments; Very family oriented. Opportunities: Sees one to excel in various endeavors after completion of the academic program being pursued; Establishment of good circle of friends could be potential sources of future employment opportunities; Proficiency in communication could be used as potential sources of livelihood; either in customer service or in professional writing endeavors; Future growth rates in the field of endeavor being pursued poses greater opportunities to land in diverse jobs of interest and which offers appropriate compensation and benefits. Threats: Any changes or fluctuations in economic condition of the country could significantly impact employment opportunities; The increasing number of graduates (new or old) who graduated and pursued similar profession and field of endeavor could restrict opportunities to gain future employ ment; Contemporary organizations’ thrusts for globalization pose both opportunities and threats in terms of expanding sources of talents from international shores; and at the same time, poses chances to go abroad. However, if the international market is pursued, there are still threats in terms of the need to address competencies in cultural diversity; Interesting Points An interesting point of undertaking the SWOT analysis was the opportunity it accorded to closely evaluate one’s strengths and weaknesses. It provided the chance to appreciate and recognize that there have been some competencies, knowledge, skills and talents that were not appropriately realized, until now. For instance, the strength that one possesses in terms of time management assists in maintaining a balance between

The Renaissance Art, Literature and History Essay

The Renaissance Art, Literature and History - Essay Example This style of art was widely used in the most respected premises like the palaces and empires where the princes, kings, queens and other leaders had important occasions or even ceremonies performed and held (Pedro p. 33) In this particular renaissance art and literature, everything about the history, leadership or certain countries are brought out. The artist could use their works to illustrate realities that had passed and also the imaginary events expected to be faced by the leaders and their countries in the future. Most works done in literature by playwrights like Pedro Calderon whose hero is the Ruler of Madrid Prince Segismundo? Pedro stressing the fact that Madrid is central entertainment point of the world and prince Segismundo is the ruler (Pedro p. 99). Pedro also seemed to be influential in the sense that he is able to bring inspiration into bringing the possibility of the Plaza being rebuilt. We also have the verses being used by other artist such as Pedro Rosete who uses a collection of verses to praise the palace of Buen Retiro. He names the Poem after the ruler of the Palace with very unique composition. So many decorations of the palace were put in a way that conveyed very strong messages with some of them giving beautiful pictures of memorable events and great leaders. Some art portrayed good works of leaders and mostly victories of wars and some were showing battles. In Retiro there was the most important room which was meant to be occupied by the royals at the time of celebrations and ceremonies. The hall which was a place where the king spent time sometime to enjoy himself and to work during other moments had to be made very attractive with arts which had different strong meanings (Levin p. 56). The rooms also according to the artist had to be the most comfortable place for the king or a leader to spend most of his time. As seen from the Hall or Reams the artists did a crucial job to ensure the best outcome for the look of the palaces, all s ignificant historic portrays were used to decorate the inside of the palace, starting from the floor, the walls, and even the roof. The most beautiful paintings, showed the four kingdoms of the Monarchy of Spain. Other art painting which decorated the room were those of victories won by Phillip IV armies (Pedro p. 105) The paintings were done all over the room including on the doors. They gave a richly oriented decoration. Mostly the works done by two artist Velazquez and Maino were the best and the most unique. These were artist known for their excellent artwork hence being chosen to do the work for the most important places where royal’s ceremonies were carried out. The palace was full of arts of different beautiful illustrations from those of war, to victories such as Elizabeth in procession to black friars 1600 by Robert Peak, to images of young Prince Baltasar Carlos on horseback 1634. The artist works shows how the arts and the palace are very friendly in the sense that the kings are comfortable with the works as the decorations portray old tradition which matches the kingship old history. The arts of decorations from the great artists were done in parables, similarity and recitations. They illustrated, huge family occasions, victories made by the armies, triumphal entries, dynastic marriages, diplomatic coups through narrative way. Others like wisdom, justice among others were shown through representation or referred to