The Undefined American Dream

11373 Spicy Cashews English 3 20 May 2008 The Undefined American Dream: Character Analysis in the Great Gatsby â€Å"Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter—tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther. And one fine morning [†¦ ] So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. †(172). Nick is the narrator of the novel and analyzes how each character struggles to achieve the American Dream. Gatsby living in the less fashionable side of town moves to the best side of town. Nick and Gatsby just came out of the World War I and are trying to build a better life for themselves. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the characters of Nick, Daisy, and Gatsby to exemplify false hope that the American Dream is often unfulfill. First of all Nick, the narrator, sees how each character unfolds themselves and how he, himself, is not pulls into the â€Å"American Dream†. Nick’s environment is not like the rest of the people he knows, â€Å"I liked at West Egg the well the less fashionable of two† (5). The West Egg is considers to be inexpensive and simply the wrong place to be. Since it is low class environment, no one ever has money and it is dirty all the time, unlike the white houses I n the East Egg. Many people who live in the West Egg want to move to the East Egg as that is the â€Å"American Dream. † Nick observes how so many people think they will have a better life. Citizens from the West Egg are moving with false hope will be happier living over in the East Egg and having, supposedly, the life they should have. Secondly, Nick is being pulls into the life he least wants, â€Å"Oh I’ll stay in the East Egg do not you worry† [†¦] I’d be two God damm fool to live any where else† (10). While Daisy tries to persuade him to live a different life he does not want fall into it so easily. He observes and knows that it is not the best choice to live over the East Egg. Gatsby knows he would be unhappy living in a society that really does not want him. He knows he should not live there because if he lives there he knows he will not belong. Lastly, one of the observations that he makes when preserving his friends, Gatsby, after his death, â€Å"I have an idea that Gatsby did not believe it [†¦] he had lost old warm world paid a high price for living too long with a single dream† (161). Gatsby wants a life he can not have and therefore will pay a price, costing him his life. Nick observes Gatsby a lot because he uses to live in the West Egg and moves to the East believing it can be the best life he will possibly get but it is all a complete lie and does not gain everything from it. Gatsbys false hopes develop through the novel and show how much he wants to live the life he cannot have. Daisy’s obsession to be on top of the world is fuel with greed and her materialistic attitude in life. Therefore, Gatsby wants Daisy so much that. â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay† (26). Gatsby loves Daisy so much and misses her, that he just has to buy the house and he does. Gatsby’s dream of Daisy is corrupt by money and dishonesty, the American Dream of happiness. Daisy thinks too much upon herself and not on how others may react to her judgment. Gatsby is in love with Daisy and knows she loves him back but she wants wealth in her life and so she has to marry Tom, to achieve that Dream. Furthermore, Gatsby and Daisy are together looking out the window, â€Å"‘If it was not for the mist we could have seen your home across the bay,’ you always have a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock. ’ (92). The green light is symbolic because it symbolizes hope and that some day he might get the love of his life, Daisy, back. Daisy knows she has everything and wants everything, if she can she will be on the top of the world. Looking out the window is just an obvious understandment of the obsession of other men having towards her a nd she absolutely loves that. To end, Daisy has so many men in love with her, â€Å"with every word she was drawing further into herself so he gave that up- and only the dead dream fought on as the afternoon slipped away——–room† (134). Daisy has let down Tom she only ever thought about herself and on no one else. She is greedy for the American Dream and does not want to share it with anyone. Knowing Tom is rich and wealthy she has to marry him, for the money of course, she sacrifices everything so she will be able to achieve the American dream that so many people want. Daisy’s obsession hurts her at the end by committing a crime and making poor decisions to achieve her dream. Lastly, Gatsby’s American Dream is unfulfills; he concentrates on false hopes and materialism. Firstly, Nick introduces Gatsby in the novel. Gatsby turned out alright at the end, it was preyed on Gatsby, what fool dust floated in the wake dream of his dreams and temporarily closed out my interest. †(44) Gatsby is fills with a single dream and that is to get out of West Egg and move to the East. He buys the nicest house, car, everything because he thought that would make him happy but it does not, it destroys him even more. He has his own little fantasy of what he thinks is expects from him and to get his one true love back, Daisy. Therefore, Nick is stating a fact after Gatsby’s death about how he has hope for Daisy return. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year recedes before us. He eluded us then, but that’s no matter-tomorrow we will run faster stretch out our arms farther[†¦] and then one fine morning-so we beat on, boasts against current , borne back ceasly into the past. †(173). The green light represents Gatsby’s hopes and dreams with Daisy in the future after coming back from the war the light is away to guide him into Daisy’s heart and a sense of goal that he has. He has to be able but as it turns out he will not. He will not grasp with the moment of being with Daisy once again. Thirdly, Nick is talking to Gatsby’s closest friend [Wolshiem] â€Å"‘when a man gets killed I never like to get mixed up in it any way I keep out, when I was a young man it was different [†¦] I stuck to them to the end [†¦] let us learn to show friendship for a man when he is alive and after he is dead†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (171). Mr. Wolshiem does not want to talk in his funeral but Nick tries to convince him by telling him he is his closest friend and the only one that truly knows him but refuses to take part in ant way. Gatsby is remembrance will always be taunts by those who said they were his friends. Gatsby’s struggles to have the American Dream end his life. All in all, in the novel The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald emphasizes the belief that the American Dream is an unfulfill dream which is shown by the characters of Nick, Daisy and Gatsby, through materialism and greed. After being kills for the dream, as Gatsby does, none of the characters accomplishes anything at all. A society where greed is present is only going to destroy each character one by one and drive them into a circle of what they believe is true.

Goss V Lopez Brief

i. Case Citation Goss v. Lopez, 419 U. S. 565 (1975) ii. Facts Public school students from Columbus, Ohio brought this suit. They claimed that their constitutional right to due process was violated. The students were suspended without hearing prior to their suspension. They were suspended for destroying school property but principals can only suspend up to 10 days or expel them. If suspended they must notify parents without 24 hours and give the reasons. Students may appeal to the board of education. iii. Primary Issue Can students be suspended without due process? No iv. Decision or conclusion of the courtGoss established that due process is required when a student is suspended. It also established that you can’t suspend a student for more than 10 days and you have to notify the parent. Due process will be required depending on the severity of the consequences of the students. When it is a longer and severe case you usually are required witnesses. v. Reasoning Under Ohio law you have a right to public education. School has the authority to establish code of conducts however; authority is subject to constitutional limits. Students have a right to education under the Fourteenth amendment.The court reasoned â€Å"Having chosen to extend the right to an education to people of appellate class generally, Ohio may not withdraw that right on grounds of misconduct, absent fundamentally fair procedures to determine whether the misconduct has occurred, and must recognize a student's legitimate entitlement to a public education as a property interest that is protected by the Due Process Clause, and that may not be taken away for misconduct without observing minimum procedures required by that Clause. † Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Goss_v. _Lopez

Friedrich Froebel’s Ideas On the Role of Play In the Early Years Education Essay

Play is probably the very first thing that comes to our minds when we start thinking about our childhood. Certainly it’s hard to talk about early years without referring to play, as it is a part of children’s natural behaviour, embedded in their spontaneous day-to-day life. The fact that the play is enjoyable is generally agreed, but the value of play in school, however, has been in the centre of much debate in the past (and it seems like that debate is still going on today). The roots of contemporary understanding of the role of play in early childhood education extend clearly to Friedrich Froebel, a German educator, who organized and systematized the methods of early childhood in accordance with the idea of â€Å"the spontaneous, self-sustaining nature of children† (E. Evans, 1971, p. 43). Froebel believed that every child had within him all he was to be at birth, and that the proper educational environment was to encourage the child to grow and develop in the most favourable manner. â€Å"Young children are to be regarded and tended essentially like plants. Like these, if they were given the right conditions, they would grow and unfold and flower, by their own law, each according to its individual capacity and destiny. † (E. Lawrence, 1969, p. 195) In his study of child-nature one of the most marked characteristics, which attracted Froebel’s attention, was the child’s inborn desire for activity, which reveals itself in play. According to Froebel, â€Å"play is the freest active manifestation of the child’s inner self which springs from the need of that inner living consciousness to realize itself outwardly. † (H. Bowen, 1907, p. 116) Froebel made a significant contribution to early childhood education by seeing play as a process in which children bring to realization their inner nature. He recognized that children began to learn as soon as they began to interact with the world, and he reasoned that since the interaction was mostly in the form of play, the way to educate a child was through play, â€Å"as a means of awakening and developing the active and presentative side of his nature; wherefore none, not even the simplest gifts from a child, should ever be suffered to be neglected. † (F. Froebel, 1901, p. 77) Froebel’s continuous studies of the function of play in a child’s life came to fruition in the concept of the Kindergarten ? a place where children â€Å"instruct and educate themselves† and where they develop and integrate all their abilities through play. Froebel believed that play provided the means for a child’s intellectual, social, emotional and physical development. Games were not just idle time wasting, but the most important steps in the child’s development, and they were to be watched by teachers as clues to how the child is developing. â€Å"It is through play that the child learns the use of his limbs, of all his bodily organs, and with this use gains health and strength. Through play he comes to know the external world, the physical qualities of the objects which surround him, their motions, action, and reaction upon each other, and the relation of these phenomena to himself, ? a knowledge that forms the basis of that which will be his permanent stock for life. † (H. Bowen, 1907, p. 101) However, Froebel didn’t think that the play of young children should be unprompted at all times. For him the skill of adults was in knowing how and when to intervene, how to support and extend children’s play to help them â€Å"to grasp and to try out their learning in concrete ways. † (T. Bruce, 1997, p. 23) To stimulate learning through well-directed play Froebel designed a series of instructional materials, which he called â€Å"gifts† and â€Å"occupations†.

First Council of Nicaea Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First Council of Nicaea - Assignment Example Arianism thus did not believe in the Holy Trinity (three equal persons in one God) as mainstream Christianity did. â€Å"Indeed, even though there may be so-called gods in heaven or on earth — as in fact there are many gods and many lords — yet for us there is one God (Gk. theos - ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ µÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š), the Father, from whom are all things and for whom we exist, and one Lord (kyrios - ÃŽ ºÃâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š), Jesus Christ, through whom are all things and through whom we exist.† (NRSV) The controversy was submitted for decision to all the Christian bishops at the First Council of Nicaea, which is generally regarded as the First Ecumenical Council. The Council decided overwhelmingly to uphold the divinity of Christ. The vote of an estimated 250-318 attendees was nearly unanimous to adopt the view that Christ was God as well as man, with only three voting for the Arian position that Christ was not God. The Arian teaching thus became

Psychology- Counseling - Dying to be thin Essay

Psychology- Counseling - Dying to be thin - Essay Example The consequences of the disease can be seen in most aspects of the physical body, including the potential for death. The starvation, which is part of the restrictive eating that progressively lowers the body weight, can create a situation within the body from which recovery is no longer possible, the victim wasting away into death. The treatment for this disorder includes creating acceptance in order to combat the denial and health considerations that include gaining weight under the care of a doctor. The issues that bring on this disease can include traumas that include circumstances that are beyond the control of a child, thus creating the need for that child to find a way to control something in their life. The ability to control the intake of food becomes one way to assert his or her ability to have control. Another driving factor in the development of body distortion issues is the high level of media objectification of women and the way in which they are defined through standard s that few women can attain. This social pressure combines with the ideas of perfection and control in order to create the psychological stew in which the disease is formed. In addition, social networks on the internet are now providing forums through which community can be found for those who are still deluded and believe that it is a lifestyle. As well as community, dangerous tips are given about how to combat the recognition of parents and doctors of the existence of the disease within those who are suffering under it’s delusions. Defining Anorexia Nervosa The disease of anorexia nervosa is defined by a internalized belief that the body is not thin enough. The psychology of the victim is framed by a warped sense of their own image, a belief that their body is carrying too much weight and by controlling how much weight they carry, they will be controlling an aspect of their emotional life that is outside of their control. It is the internalized belief that through starvatio n or binging, they have grasped hold of something within their experience that has remained illusive. However, the disease is an obsession and has nothing to do with having true control over one’s life. The disease will then take control, leaving all other aspects of life outside of the concerns of food intact, exercise, and the movement of the scale as it moves lower and lower. Anorexia is defined by changes in eating behaviors as they become compulsive, obsessive, and attached to perceptions of body image. The division between what is a change in diet and what is a slip into anorexic behavior is a blurred line that happens at different points for different people. The most difficult problem in identifying anorexia is that the perception of the body has become greatly distorted throughout society through the objectification of an unreasonable weight ratio through media representation. According to Lucas (2004) it is common in studies of college age women to find that half wi ll display abnormal attitudes and distorted perceptions of their bodies. This, despite its close identification with anorexic tendencies, represents a social problem as it invades the population rather than a spike in the occurrence of the disease (p. 20). In order for a diagnosis to be made, physiological and

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce Essay

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce - Essay Example As the time ticks, Farquhar wafts into a dream-like state where there is no limitation of time. The author compares his situation to that of a ‘vast pendulum’ which swings uncontrollably. The space in which Farquhar delves is an intermediary between life and death, a world that is bound by its unknown rules. There is a very thin boundary between illusion and reality and till the end of the story readers think of Farquhar’s illusion as reality. He is desperate to see his wife and children again and in his desperation his mind creates a different world that can provide him an escape from this predicament. The story makes it clear that to a certain degree, the nature of time is subjective. During the brief time interval between Farquhar’s fall and death, the time dilates and slows down to allow for the events to take place as the mind wishes. He evades bullets, cannons, soldiers and makes a tiring journey to see his family. But just when he is about to embrace his wife, a white flash of light brings him back to reality and his neck breaks (Bierce, 2010).

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Assignment Example The drought affected the economy very badly and reduced grain production levels. On top of that, the ‘financial bondage’ was imposed by the IMF and World Bank, although this term is not used in the article. In league with other Western powers and the media, they engaged in lies about Zimbabwe that made matters difficult for the country. Together with the land issue re-erupting after war veterans demanded compensation, these circumstances led to Zimbabwe’s financial woes in 1997 and more troubled years ahead. The land issues have roots in the 1930 Land Appropriation Act, which restricted the native black people’s access to land under British colonial rule in favor of the white settlers. This put pressure on the limited land available to blacks in tribal reserves. After independence, the Lancaster House Agreement only postponed resolving the problem by protecting white owners for another decade. The 1985 Land Acquisition Act did try to alleviate the problem through land redistribution, but problems such as racial tensions and overcrowding persisted. Then the demands of the war veterans only added to the pressure. President Mugabe took a bold step by forcefully taking land back from whites and distributing it among the majority blacks, but favoritism and corruption were evident, and therefore, ordinary Zimbabweans continue to suffer. Zimbabwe is in dire need of addressing issues of inequality, ensuring self-sustenance, protection from outside exploitations, elimination of corrupt and the implementation of fair practices, and above all good governance if it is to prevent a total Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 223 Assignment Example His second argument was based on and backed by observations made by fellow astronomer, Adriaan van Maanen. Van Maanen claimed to have observed he Pinwheel Galaxy rotate. For this to be possible, it would mean that it was revolving at a speed faster than the speed of light, which was impossible. Andrew Mackellar was unfortunate to lose the prize. He made his discovery at a time that World War II was at its peak. All efforts were towards winning the war and there wasn’t an opportunity for him to present his findings to fellow scientists at a

FedEx corporation and Bowmans strategy clock Assignment

FedEx corporation and Bowmans strategy clock - Assignment Example (Bowman Strategy Clock, 2009) FedEx caters to global customers and business houses with a wide range of application, business packages as well as e-commerce services. It occupies the most trusted employer’s position in the world, supporting above 275000 human resources and contractors and maintaining immense professional benchmarks and customers’ requirements on regular basis (FedEx, 2011). Taking up the case of FedEx can serve as a case of analysis for the paper and the issues taken up for study cover the strategies of the company and an evaluation of the current and future position of the same. Bowman’s strategic clock and its success factors According to the Bowman’s strategic clock, there are six core strategic options (overall eight options) if properly represented, resemble the pattern of a clock hence named ‘the strategic clock’. According to Bowman, the first strategic option is low added value, which is likely to be specified by segme nts. The second strategic option is the low price of the products that helps in reducing the risks associated with price war and that with low margins. The third strategic option is hybrid that considers a base of low cost, availability of the options of reinvestment in low priced products and differentiation. The fourth strategic option is differentiation of products that can again be subdivided into two separate categories. The first category consists of those without a price premium that helps in yielding benefits from the market share through the process of value addition as perceived by the users. The second category is with the system of price premium that contains within itself sufficient added values as perceived so as to bear the price premium. The fifth strategy is called focused differentiation that... The FedEx, the biggest delivery company of the United States of America followed the strategy options prescribed by Bowman to gain sustainability through the achievement of competitive advantages over the other firms of the industry. The criterion of suitability is use to access the extent of the fitting of a proposed strategy and its contribution to the improvement of the competitive position of the firm and its sustainability. Feasibility of any strategy is the assessment of the successful implementation of a particular strategy. Acceptability on the other hand relates strongly to the people’s expectation about a particular strategy option taken by the firm. (Evaluation Criteria, n.d) The unique operating strategies undertaken by FedEx are the collective competition that enables each and every sub segment of the company to use the brand name for the marketing of their products. The second strategy is the independent operation of the firms under the company that focuses on me eting the distinct needs of the customers and handles them separately with proper individual care. The third strategy is the management of the firm collaboratively that is to work together under the loyalty of the workforce the customers and the investors of the company. All these strategies valued the people in promoting diversity, the service with full positive spirit, the innovation and the integrity of the organization increasing efficiency, reliability, and honesty.

Manufacturing Budget Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Manufacturing Budget Analysis - Assignment Example According to Emory, the augmenting amount of orders increased the time needed for adjustment and setting up of machines as well. The escalating stress in terms of orders and machine adjustments eventually began to irritate the machinists who planned not to abide by the budget. Therefore, the company must pay more focus on the mentioned procedure and its related steps because it influenced company’s budget as well as product quality (Scribd Inc, 2012). It was also learnt from the case study that the various departments of the company lacked coordination which adversely affected the confidence of the employees’ as well as the functioning of the machines. Although, BCS attempts at keeping a control of the individual departments which is considered to prove advantageous for the companies but the kind of BCS pursued in Ferguson & Son Manufacturing Company further degenerated their functioning process (Scribd Inc, 2012). Revising Ferguson & Son Manufacturing Company’s BCS to improve its effectiveness According to company’s situation, it can be said that viable targets were considered to be the chief concern for structuring an effective budget system. With reference to the mentioned context, it can be stated that in case the budget proved to be excessively high, the general process tends to automatically get affected. The company therefore must be pragmatic while ascertaining manufacturing related goals. Company also must analyze the condition of their employees, the working state in relation to the machines, sales synchronization within the members of other department as well as orders for deciding on the necessary targets (Scribd Inc, 2012). In addition, the aspect of responsibility accounting is deemed to be necessary for ensuring the execution of an appropriate BCS. The key notion with regard to the mentioned aspect of responsibility accounting relates to the fact that managers should be made accountable for only those factors which is believed to be under significant control of the managers. Emory and Morris are the two managers of the company who holds unclear vision about their duties and disconnection within their duties result in making the entire job to be increasingly unproductive along with generating soaring amount of wastes. Thus, ensuring a proper practice of responsibility accounting with regard to the entire procedure can assist in direct and alert the managers regarding their respective responsibilities along with ensuring proper discharge of their duties (Scribd Inc, 2012). The company also needed to apply the system of self-imposed budget in order to prevent the issue of ascertaining one-sided aims by the top as well as department managers. The concept of self-imposed budget ensures the preparation of budgets with complete collaboration and assistance of all the managers. The benefit of this budget system can aid the company to resolve few of its issues by triggering motivation and developing commi tment within the employees (Scribd Inc, 2012). Implementing Activity-Based Costing system to change the results of the budget Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is a costing technique that recognizes organizational activities and allocates the cost for each activity in compliance with the available resources of all services and products according to each of their actual expenditure. ABC is an advanced approach that enhances the control of overheads along with maintaining the

Benzene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benzene - Research Paper Example Urban air quality and indoor air pollution has been listed as the World’s worst air pollution (blacksmith institute 2008).Benzene comes in as one of the biggest pollutant of air. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formulae C6H6. It have molecules composed of six carbon atoms joined in the form of a ring as shown below. It’s a clear liquid, petroleum based chemical that have a sweet smell. Individuals may be exposed to it in factories,refineries and other industrial settings. Benzene poisoning occurs when someone swallows,touches or breathes in benzene. It’s advised for treatment to actual poison exposure to benzene one should contact the authorities. It may be found in:Diesel fuel and additives to gasoline, various paint, lacquer and varnish removers and many industrial solvents. Blurred vision, a burning sensation in the throat and nose. Benzene causes rapid and irregular heartbeat, tight chest and rapid shallow breathing and nausea, loss of appetite and vomiting. Exposure to benzene the following in the nervous system; dizziness, drowsiness, nervousness, tremors, staggering, convulsions, euphoria, unconsciousness, headache and weakness. It also causes pale skin and small red dots on the skin. This research will consist of literature review to explain various studies undertaken to explain pollution by benzene, a critical assessment of risk from exposure to benzene, a technical report of risk assessment of benzene and healthy precautions. The first study put forwardrefers benzene as an organic compound found in air emissions from burning coal, gasoline and to some extent cigarettes smoke. Benzene concentration in ambient air is very high due vehicle emissions. Its concentration in indoors air are also significant contributors to children’s exposures, especially in homes where people. It classifies benzene as a carcinogen based on occupational studies in adults demonstrated by increased instances of leukemia incidences.it have

The smoking in ban south dakota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The smoking in ban south dakota - Essay Example Cancer, heart diseases, cough, fever, head ache etc are some of the major health problems associated with smoking. Recently the state, South Dakota passed a law saying no smoking in bars restaurants or any public place where people work. Majority of the citizens like the law; however the bar and casino owners do not like it since they are losing business because of the law. Moreover, South Dakota is getting lot of tax revenues from gambling. Dead wood South Dakota is a gambling city. After the smoking ban was passed, dead wood has lost about 16% of its annual profits. Now the question is; should the state government give preference to the interests of the public or to the interests of the business people. This paper argues in favour of smoking ban in South Dakota. Dr. ... It is the basic duty of each government to protect the life/health and properties of its citizens. Smoking is one way of destroying the health of the people and the governments have the moral responsibility to ban it or control it with the help of law. At the same time tobacco products are good sources of tax revenues for the governments. Banning of smoking will result in big financial losses to the governments. When we consider the expenses the governments suffer for treating patients suffering from smoking related health problems, the tax revenue from tobacco product selling is negligible. A committed government can never think in terms of revenues at the expense of the health of its citizens. Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, of which forty-three are known to cause cancer. Among the more toxic chemicals in tobacco are ammonia, arsenic, carbon monoxide, and benzene. Cigarette smoking is now known to cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease , stroke, multiple cancers (including lung cancer), and adverse reproductive outcomes. Smoking causes about 21 percent of all deaths from heart disease, 86 percent of deaths from lung cancer, and 81 percent of all deaths from chronic lung disease (SMOKING CESSATION) Smoking in public places not only cause disturbances to the nonsmokers, but also it causes severe health problems also to the nonsmokers due to secondary smoke. Morally it is an injustice that a non smoker became the victim of smokers. It is a fact that people can take their own choices with respect to smoking irrespective of the consequences. At the same time they must ensure that their choices may not do any

Mongol Brutality Essay Example for Free

Mongol Brutality Essay Although the Christian and Muslim warriors were of extreme cruelty, the Mongols brutality and carelessness was far greater because of their battle tactics, physiological warfare, and weaponry. These ‘barbarians’ captured a surplus amount of land in a stunning amount of time with questionable war tactics. Despite the brutality of the Mongols, Christian and Muslin warriors began to become more and more merciless. All three of these groups of warriors prove to be dangerous and cruel, but the Mongols seem to have the perfect mix of terror and destruction to make them the most brutal. The Mongols warfare tactics, although quite cruel, proved effective. When the Mongols wanted a village or town to expand their empire, they attacked with full force. The devastating thing about these attacks though, was the ‘no mercy’ kind of mindset they showed. These warriors were known to kill everything to get what they wanted, men, women, and children alike. The Muslim and Christian warriors were thought to have slaughtered whole towns before, but unlike the Mongols, it was not a tactic they were known for. The Mongol people were feared everywhere they went as word spread about these ruthless attacks. The fear these warriors inflicted on some people was enough to surrender attacks and turn over cities before a battle even began. Although whenever the Muslim or Christian warriors approached a battle, it was fought. This proves just how cruel yet skilled these Mongol warriors must have been. However, in most cases, just surrendering seemed to be the better idea, because in the case you didn’t, your city may have been looted and burned with all your people slaughtered. The Mongols success and expansion is largely due not only to their war tactics but also to their advanced weaponry. The Mongols were expert horsemen and masters of the bow and arrow, therefore adding to their success. These warriors used special ‘long bowsâ€℠¢ to have more powerful and precise a weapon; they also used horses to charge into villages and slaughter those inside. Worst of all, the Mongols were thought to have catapulted dead bodies infected with the plague over city walls to kill all of the residents through biological warfare. The Christian and Muslim warriors, although with good weapons, could not match the expertise, power, and experience the Mongols had with their weapons. Their weaponry was simply more advanced and powerful adding to the brutality of these cruel Mongols. The Mongols were extremely powerful warriors, with disturbingly merciless attacks. These warriors’ slaughtered entire towns,  looted cities, and then burned them to the ground. The Christian and Muslim ways of warfare could in some aspects be similar to that of the Mongols, but not nearly to the extent of the Mongols. These warriors who made cities surrender before an attack even began and who had advanced weaponry matched with expert and experienced weapon holders were practically unstoppable. These cruel slaughtering’s, feared attacks, and powerful weap ons used with no mercy outweigh any opposition in the argument of why the Mongols were more brutal than Christian and Muslim warriors.

Culture Is Separated Into Two Aspects Management Essay

Culture Is Separated Into Two Aspects Management Essay The Oxford Dictionary defines culture as ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society; the attitudes and behaviour characteristic of a particular social group. Culture cannot be precisely defined, but it may be sensed and felt. Mobley, Wang and Fang (2005) also states that culture provides direction to peoples behaviours, in visible and sometimes unnoticeable ways; and it deeply influences decision-making. Culture is separated into two aspects which are visible and invisible. Visible aspects include the appearance of a person or what food does he consume. While invisible aspects include the importance of religion, beliefs in a society or the thoughts and feelings people have about certain issues. In the global market today, culture is an important aspect to multinational companies (MNCs). Apart from serving a diversified marketplace, MNCs would also be consisting of different nationalities. As such, companies are faced with the challenges of serving and managing a culturally diverse workforce. In addition, doing business on a global basis requires a good understanding of different cultures. Failure to understand cultural differences can lead to serious consequences such as an impact on the companys business relationships with overseas customers, clients and employees and bad public relations. Culture also shapes the way people do business across international borders. Same organizations of different nationalities may operate differently due to their culture and this impact on policies, communication strategies, organizational structure, and human resources management. Organizations particularly MNCs can no longer afford not to consider the culture of the countries where they operate in. Thus, the main objective of this essay is to critically evaluate that culture is the most important factor in shaping and accounting for international differences in employment relations. The essay will be evaluating culture through national culture and organisational culture. In national culture, it will begin by comparing and contrasting three different countries (France, China and Japan) with their distinct national cultures in employee relations using the Hofstedes six cultural dimensions with case studies of Danone Vs Wahaha and Renault Vs Nissan. The two case studies will then illustrate the importance of national culture to organizations and employment relations. In the second part, the essay will be evaluating the importance and the need of an organisational culture. It will further evaluate organisational culture by using Edgard Scheins Three Levels of Culture with an example of Google as a case study. Lastly, it will end of by discussing the other underlying factors that also help in shaping and accounting for international differences. It will also conclude with recommendations and the rationale why culture is the most important factor. National Culture Hofstede (1991) de ¬Ã‚ ned national culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or people from another. It implies that the people share a collective national character that represents their cultural mental programming which is a set of norms, behaviours, beliefs and customs that exist within the population of a sovereign nation. Hofstede also claims that every national population shares a unique culture. However, in the recent years, many MNCs have not yet grasped the culture of the country which they are operating or selling their products in. By using case studies of Danone Vs Wahaha and Renault Vs Nissan in this essay, it will attempt to compare the vast differences in national culture between France, China and Japan using Geert Hofstedes 6 dimensions of defining and interpreting culture. First Case Study: Wahaha Vs Danone In 1996, Chinas Hangzhou Wahaha food group, Frances Danone group and Hong Kongs Bai fu qin corporation decided to form a joint venture named Wahaha. In this joint venture, Danone attempted to enter the china market using Wahaha brand that is well-received by the Chinese. However, problems surfaced when Danone became the biggest shareholder in 1998; thus producing resentment from the Chinas Wahaha group as they felt that Danone misled them from the beginning. To worsen the problem, Hangzhou Wahaha food group that is managed by Chairman Zong was accused of breaching the contract by establishing non-joint ventures which infringed the interests of Danone, claiming that the Hangzhou Wahahas establishment of the non-joint ventures and the illegal use of the Wahaha trademark has violated the clause in the contract. After which Wahahas Chairman Zong was sued by Danone in California and Italy, he created a series of small companies producing the same products as the joint venture. The Wahaha Vs Danone case has significantly depicted a dispute between ownership rights. Conflicts between Danone and Wahaha may be caused by unawareness of the cross cultural differences between France and China. Second Case Study: Nissan Vs Renault Nissan, a Japanese company and Renault, a French company decided to come together to work on a joint project. Both companies were well known for their distinct corporate cultures and brand identity. The joint project was formed as both companies shares a single joint of strategy for profitable growth and community of interest. However, Nissans management style strongly encouraged group performance while Renault focuses on individual performance. Communication between the top management and employees were unclear and indirect, therefore resulting in misunderstanding within the company. The conflict between the 2 partners was due to Nissans employees assuming that Renault was similar to them that encourage group performance. However, Renaults management style belongs to a much more individualistic approach, making the Nissans employees felt uncomfortable of having the feeling of losing their family atmosphere. Communication between the Nissan employees and Renault employees broke down; Nissan did not understood what were Renaults main objectives and their company goals in their partnership with Nissan. Some of the Nissans managers felt frustrated and opposed to the entry of Renault representative on Nissans board. The managers were old employees, and they felt that employees should be promoted according to their seniority instead of individual performance. The breakdown of communication is also caused by the differences in their language. With such a significant difference in their management style, there is a need in cross cultural awareness for the business joint venture to be a successful one. Geert Hofstedes Six Dimensions According to Geert Hofstedes cultural research studies, culture can be classified into six different dimensions; Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism Vs Collectivism, Masculinity Vs Femininity, Long term orientation Vs Short term orientation. The table below illustrates for France, China and Japan. France China Japan Power Distance 68 80 54 Uncertainty Avoidance 86 30 92 Individualism Vs Collectivism 71 20 46 Masculinity Vs Femininity 43 66 95 Long Term Orientation Vs Short term Orientation 39 118 80 Figure 1.0 Scores allocated to the different dimensions for France, China and Japan Power Distance Power distance can be defined as all individuals in societies are not equal it expresses the attitude of the culture towards inequalities among us. Power distance can be defined as to the extent to which the less powerful expects and accepts that power is distributed unequally. (Geert Hofstede,2001 ) In comparison of France, China and Japan, China belongs to a society where the people believes that inequalities is acceptable, there is a presence of a powerful employer-subordinate relationship which the subordinate will abide all rules and regulations set by the employer. France on the other hand may be prone towards a more hierarchical organization system where the attitude towards managers are more formal. Japan belongs to a more hierarchical society where the Japanese should be conscious of their hierarchical position in any situations. All decisions must be reviewed by each level of the management and finally the top management. Individualism Vs Collectivism Individualism can be identified as the high degree of independence a society maintains among its members. It relates to peoples self image in terms of I while Collectivism can be identified to be the opposite. In a individualist society, people tends to only look after themselves and their direct family while a collectivist society consists of people belonging to a group that takes care of them in exchange for their loyalty.(Geert Hofstede,2001) Comparing the 3 countries, there is a significant difference; China belongs to a highly collectivist country where people act at an interest of a group. In this norm, personal relationships prevail over the task and company. However in France, there is a certain degree of independence a society maintains among its members. The French prefers individual and private opinions and work relationships between the employer and employees are contract based where everyone focus on the task itself. Communication within an individualist company would be direct where everyone gives their opinions freely if they do not agree. Referring back to the Nissan Vs Renault case, it has clearly shown that Renault (France) encouraged a more individualist approach by promoting individual initiatives and hoped that the employees are promoted through individual performance. Direct contacts between the top management and employees were encouraged in their individualistic approach. Japan similar to China; belonging to a highly collectivist society, this can be shown through putting their harmony of group above the expression of individual opinions and the Japanese have a strong sense of shame for losing face. In the Nissan Vs Renault case, Nissans employees feel that it is important to have a family atmosphere in their working environment. The managers of Nissan felt frustrated and opposed to the entry of Renault as they felt that promotions should be done according to seniority, not individual performance. Masculinity Vs Feminity Masculinity Vs Feminity is another dimension where we can infer that a masculine society will be driven by competition, achievement and success. It is a value system that starts in the school and continues throughout organizational behaviour. On the contrary, a feminine society will be driven by caring for others and quality of life. It is one where quality of life is sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. (Geert Hofstede, 2001) In China, leisure time is not as important compared to the status and better salaries. Such examples can be found in students as they care very much about their exam scores and ranking as the main criteria to achieve success or not. France belongs to a relatively feminine society. It may be due to their famous welfare system, securità © sociale where the French are only required to work 35 working hours per week and entitled to 5 weeks of holidays per year. France cares greatly for their quality of life and focuses more on work in order to live the reverse. Competition in the working environment is usually not encouraged and flashy signs of success should not be shown in the public. In the Renault Vs Nissan case, Nissan is shown to treat males and females equally. Some of the female employees were offered several managerial positions in the company. Japan, a total opposite from France has a highly masculine culture. It is usually shown through competitive situations between groups, not individuals. Their famous workaholism is another expression of their highly masculine culture. In Japan, women find it difficult to climb the corporate ladder due to their masculine norm of long working hours. Contrasting Renault in the case study, Nissan belongs to a masculine company which managerial positions are only offered to the male employees, not the female workers. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance has to do with how the society deals with the fact that their future will not be known. The unknown elements will bring about ambiguity and different cultures will react to the ambiguity in different ways. The uncertainty avoidance can be defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feels threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these. (Geert Hofstede, 2001) High degree of ambiguity can be seen from the Chinese as their language is often full of ambiguity that can be seen as confusing for the westerners. It is shown that the Chinese are comfortable with ambiguity and seem to be adaptable and entrepreneurial. 70% 80% of Chinese businesses tend to be small to medium sized and family owned. France on the other hand tends to have their training done in a deductive approach. In the management level, rules and securities are ensured to create a stress free working environment and a certain level of expertise are welcomed. A change of policies can also be seen as a stressful event. Japanese is one of the few countries that have the highest uncertainty avoidance score. It may be due to the fact that Japan is constantly threatened with natural disasters such as earthquake, volcanoes eruptions that most Japanese are always prepared in any kind of situations. In the business environment, a lot of time and effort are put into feasibility studies and all the risk must be worked out before the project can proceed. Long term Vs Short term orientation In the Long term Vs Short term orientation, a long term orientation can be seen closely related to teachings of Confucius and can be separately interpreted as dealing with societys search for virtue. Long term orientation can be defined as the extent to which a society shows a pragmatic future orientated perspective while Short term orientation shows a conventional historical short term point of view. (Geert Hofstede, 2001) China belongs to a long term orientated society whereby persistence and perseverance is normal. The Chinese are thrifty and tends to invest in long term projects such as real estate. They also recognized that the government is by men rather than being influenced by external factors such as god or the laws. France on a contrary is a short term oriented society; there is a great respect towards traditions, cultures and their language. In business related issues, the French tends to focus on short term results and therefore, companies are usually driven by quarterly results. They do not focus on saving and the management style is based on self-reliance, personal achievement, hard work and managers are judged based on short term results. In Japan, people lives their lives guided by virtues and good examples in life. There is a hint of long term orientation in the constantly high rate of investment in RD, even through difficult times. This is for the sake of a steady growth for market share instead of a quarterly profit, thus increasing durability of the company, serving the stakeholders and the society for many generations to come. Figure 2.0 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions table for France and China From the graph above, it shows that the cultural differences between France and China are distinctly different in the different dimensions. The graph implicates the importance of focusing on the awareness of cross cultural differences between the 2 country in order for the joint venture between Wahaha and Danone to be a successful one. In the case study, Danone, the French company may not understand the ambiguity in how the Chinese operates in Wahaha and thus misinterpreted their good intentions. Likewise, for Hangzhou Wahaha, it is founded by the Chairman Zong who started the company from a small company which may be very much more family-owned. Chairman Zong may not have a vast understanding of how international joint ventures works and can end up leading to bigger misunderstanding and conflicts which results in failure of the joint venture or business attempts. An example from the case study; Zhang Cheryl(2001) stated that the interpretation of losing control is different between the western society and china. In the western society, losing control may not be treated at a personal level. However, losing control in china is meant as losing face, which would refer to losing the power to make decisions which puts Chairman Zong of Wahaha in a disrespectful situation among his employees. Wahaha therefore insist to runs normally in their daily operations in order to keep their face. To worsen the situation, Wahaha perceived it was losing face when Danone established other IJVs with their competitors resulting in Wahaha being less motivated to settle their conflicts and disputes between each other. From the case study, we have seen how important cross cultural awareness is in shaping and cultivating a good business attempt. Figure 3.0 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions table for France and Japan In comparison of France and Japan, there is a significant difference in the 6 dimension index from Hofstedes theory. In the Nissan Vs Renault case, the difference in management style, breakdown of communication, different cultural values and language barrier are factors which may have caused a conflict between the two companies. One of the major problems may be the different management style; where Nissan is works in a family like atmosphere. However, Renault focuses on individual performance where an individual only cares about their own results. Nissan can also be seen as a more masculine society which managerial positions are only offered to male employees while Renault treats all employees as equal and it can be shown that several managerial positions were taken up by female employees. In such a different cultural environment, it is important that both companies should have cross cultural awareness for the business venture to be successful. Therefore, it is crucial for MNCs to be exposed to the different international cultural differences as in their daily operations they are exposed to multiple national cultures. This suggests that managing across borders introduces substantial complexity because it forces multinationals to attune their practices and approaches to each and every cultural context they operate in. Edgard Scheins Three Levels of Culture Apart from Geert Hofstedes 6 dimensions of defining culture, there is another famous culture theorist, Edgard Schein that devotes all his effort into comparing and identifying the organizational cultural differences. According to Edward Schein(1992), Organizational learning, development, and planned change cannot be understood without considering culture as the primary source to change. Schein has categorized culture into 3 different levels: Artifacts, Espoused Values, Basic assumptions and values. Figure 4.0 Three Levels of Culture (Schein, 2004, Organizational culture and leadership, 27) Schein defined that culture is first seen through artifacts such as visual organizational structures or tangible items. Underlying artifacts is the values such as strategies, goals and philosophies. The core of the 3 levels would be assumptions such as taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings through experience. Through the case studies, it has implied that each country has a unique cultural perspective and approach to certain situations and hence it is important for companies to strive to understand and support relevant programs or strategies in each region. Failure to appreciate and account for them can lead to issues like strain relationships in employment relations, communication breakdown between management team and drag down business performance. Newman Nollen (1996) also state that there is no one best way to manage a business. Differences in national cultures call for differences in management practices. One of their conclusions also states the importance of the congruence between management practices and the national culture should be in harmony in order to produce better performance outcomes, therefore pinpointing in another way the importance of cultural differences. Therefore, the management of a company should pay extra attention to national cultural differences as it may influence the effectiveness of the strategies and decisions that the company makes. Based on Geert Hofstedes research on national culture, he has demonstrated that organizations can also no longer ignore the impact of national cultures on organizations cultures particularly for MNCs. Therefore it is clear that in current times, the implementation of positive organizational cultures and effectively merging of national cultures into organizational culture is critical for positive business performance. Therefore as a start, MNCs should understand and be aware of the different types of national culture as well as adopting a fitting organizational culture themselves to account for international culture differences in employment relations. Organisational Culture Greenberg and Baron (1997) define organizational culture as a cognitive framework consisting of attitudes, values, behavioural norms, and expectations. These values stated have a strong influence on employees behaviours, thinking, and behavioural patterns which in turns encourages diversity and adaptability to support its performance. Organizational culture is also an effective control mechanism for managing employee behaviour. In an organization with different nationalities, the company would need to foster a common diversity culture in the company to create a mutual respect for each and every different employee; which may in turn enhance their full potential. A strong organizational culture is a primary generator of real motivation and commitment and has a unique absorptive power to congregate people (Mobley, Wang and Fang, 2005). Therefore, this is a need for an organizational culture that fits to the needs of the company and its employees. Now, using a case study on Google in this essay, it will attempt to evaluate how Google makes use of national culture and their organizational culture to account and shape for international differences using Edgard Scheins Three Levels of Culture theory. Third Case Study: Google Google is a worldwide company that has strong practices in diversity. Google culture revolves around their mission: to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful. (Corporate Information, 2011) Google consists of a diversity of staffs, supporting various cultural norms. Through this cultural norm, they encourage and support the diversity of its customers and employees. Google consist of bilingual employees catering to their diverse consumer base. In fact, Statistics shows that more than half of the results Google provides to its customers are outside of the US. (Corporate Information, 2010). Diversity is distinct in Google such as their employees, offices, products, and customers. By understanding national culture and accepting the different nationalities differences, Google leverage and make use of the different skill sets of each employees. Googles Culture As Google consist of a diverse staff group, it shows the importance of having a strategically appropriate culture, a culture which will fits the needs of the organization, its employees and the marketplace. At Google, we dont just accept difference we thrive on it, we celebrate it, and we support it for the bene ¬Ã‚ t of our employees, our products, and our community. (Google Annual Report, 2010) Google has embraced diversity and integrated it into their culture and into their core culture statement. The manifestations of Googles culture are analyzed by evaluating the artefacts at Google (Gagliardi, 1992). Through looking at the various aspects of Google, it is shown that Google has an integrated and informal culture (Martin, 1992), which comprises of four key elements. Mission Innovation Fun Reward Using Edgard Scheins Three Levels of Culture, it is first defined and seen through the artefacts such as visual organizational structures or tangible items. Google supports diversity of norms in each office by utilizing their office and cafes. They are designed to encourage interactions between employees within and across teams, and to spark conversation about work as well as play. Social interactions stimulate knowledge and learning breakthroughs. Without communication, there is no way to express thoughts, ideas, manage differences and feelings. Communication plays an important role in keeping and maintaining values and relationships necessary to keep the system of the organisation united. The next level of culture would be the exposed values which are the strategies, goals and philosophies. Daft (2003) stated that managing a global environment requires managers to have the ability to manage change through innovation and creativity. Therefore, the employees in Google are motivated to contribute their suggestions and ideas. Most of Googles work are project based hence employees are required to team up and pursue the project. The team may consist of a diverse group of members. Through the concept of a group project, members would then need to learn to accept one another and work together. This enhances the communication between Googles employees and hence they share a unified common goal and vision. However, conflicts between the employees are bound to happen in project based work. Therefore, conflict management between employees and respect for cultures must be structured and organized for the many cultures and diversities. One strategy that Google implement is to create awareness of international national differences is by organizing national cultural events such as The 6th Sense: Diversity Week in India and Diwali and Google Mela to develop cultural intelligence to the employees and international cultural competence. The purpose of these cultural events is that the employees would generate a culture-specific understanding of the other and positively regard of the other. Through these events, it will groom and educate the employees on cultural awareness. During such events, Googles employees are able to interact and appreciate each others culture; consequently, an accommodating culture and organizational behaviour is then established within the organization. The next level of culture would be the assumptions such as taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings through experience. Googles employees are passionate and self-motivated, and the company empowers them to a certain degree to make responsible decisions. Therefore, employees could get an equal and fair opportunity to innovate and unleash their imagination and ideas through their meetings. After analyzing all of Google culture characteristic, using Deal and Kennedy model of organizational culture (Deal and Kennedy, 1982), Google most likely falls into the work hard/play hard culture. Characteristics of the culture include high levels of activity and where employee has to take few risks and these characteristics are clearly reflected in Google. Through the concept of organizational culture on how they are establish and reinforce, it will make a big difference in the way employees act and in the way the organization act as a whole when ethical dilemmas are faced. Through cultivating a fitting culture from the start, the organization and the employees will have a shared set of understandings about what is correct behaviour and how ethical issues will be handled. Therefore, if a company would to embrace and be accepting to international culture from the start, this will account and shape the employees to be more accepting to cultural differences and hence improve employment relations. Therefore, it is proposed that companies should ensure mentoring their employees through guidance coaching of the culture and encourage bonding and communication between levels of management and their employees. Also managers that have to work across different countries are required to understand the importance of national culture and organisational culture as well. Gabriel (1999) states that managers have to also recognise and build on cultural particularities, adapting organisational products and policies to local cultures and managing employees in a manner appropriate to their culture. It is beneficial to understand the country culture and the organisations culture. The country may have its own set of framework and culture in which they operate in. This will impact and forces multinationals to attune their practices and approaches to each and every cultural context they operate in. Different companies may operate things differently due to their home countrys culture and thus causing an impact on policies, communication strategies, organizational structure, and human resources management. By understanding and managing these cultural differences, it will be a vital ingredient of organisational success. Other Factors In this essay, it has stated the importance of national culture and organisational culture in how they account and shape for international differences in employment relations. However, other factors such as economic, social, political, and technological factors may also constitute an impact on international cultures. Amongst the different factors, economic, political and technological factors are identified to be one of the most important factors that affect international differences. Economic Factors Economic factors like globalization are one of the factors affecting international employee relations. Through effects of globalization where companies may become more advance, the management has to ensure that the skills processed by the employees are compatible with those required in the market to meet the customer needs. Globalisation will increase the competitiveness and inequality among the countries. Under globalisation, industries and services move from one country to another, thus restricting opportunities for permanent employment relationships to the benefit of economic performance. To improve their competitiveness, many MNCs sought to relocate their business operations to countries where labour is cheaper and workers are less protected and hence neglected employment relation to focus more on the performance of the company. Technological Factors Sometimes companies that undergo technological developments have destroyed jobs as they undergo aggressive growth and rapid expansion. This may make it necessary for its human resources department to focus on recruitment and staffing internationally and locally. Therefore a company may have its problems to expand and recruit new employees, as it may need to focus its recruiting efforts outside the region if the labour pool is not large enough. Companies may also make specific requirements for a job where the applicant is required to possess a certain degree of skills or nationality and this in turn affect employment relations. Political Factors These reg

Management of Implant Related Nerve Injury

Management of Implant Related Nerve Injury Nerve injury following implant therapy often results in paraesthesic or anaesthesic effects that affect quality of life of the patient. Patients usually experience postoperative changes in sensation, including pain, even though the intraoperative procedures were uneventful. In cases of uneventful clinical implant placement procedures, a postoperative telephonic interview, as soon as the effects of anaesthesia have dissipated, will enable the clinician to determine possible nerve injury and hence initiate management protocols. Postoperative radiography would be essential to assess whether the inferior alveolar nerve canal or mental foramen have been traversed, however it must be noted that absence of radiographic findings do not preclude nerve injury. Management protocols aim to alleviate pain, loss of normal sensation and overall discomfort following nerve related injuries, with varying degrees of success depending on the nature of injury. Hence, it is clearly identified that the imp ortance of comprehensive pre-planning mitigates the need for management of nerve related injuries. Nerve injuries in the maxilla are relatively uncommon compared to mandible. Branches of the greater palatine nerve, posterior superior alveolar nerve, and the nasopalatine nerve, which supply the gingival issues in the anterior and posterior palate and buccal mucosa of the maxilla, are inevitably damaged due to flap procedures in implant therapy. Due to the rich anastomosis between these nerves, very rarely does this damage result in neural deficit. Numerous academic studies have been attributed to implant related nerve injury of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, more importantly, the inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve, and the lingual nerve. Interventions can be broadly classified as, a.  Non-surgical b.  Surgical, and c.  alternate treatments. a. Non-Surgical Therapy This form of therapy should be mandated as soon as signs and / or symptoms of nerve injury be suspected, whether intraoperatively or postoperatively. Corticosteriods, dexamethasone (8mg daily for 3 days) or prednisolone (1mg/kg/day up to 80mg day), in high doses have been shown to minimize neuropathies in acute nerve injuries if administered within 1 week of the injury. A non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) could be added to the regimen or prescribed as an alternative. Ibuprofen, 800mg three times daily for 3 weeks, is a suitable NSAID. Corticosteriods and NSAIDs reduce the inflammatory response with corticosteroids having the added effect of preventing ectopic discharges from injured axons and preventing neuroma formation (Juodzbalys et al, 2011). Pain and temperature are the first sensations to resolve with other sensations taking longer (Alhassani and Alghamdi, 2010: 405; Juodzbalys et al, 2011). The use of topical applications has not been broadly researched. Capsaicin and clonidine patches along with EMLA paste (4% lignocaine) are some of the products used to treat hyperalgesia with varying success. Topical clonazepam, 0.5mg to 1.0 mg 3 times day was shown to be effective in relieving burning oral pain (Graff-Radford and Evans, 2003: 979, Fukada et al, 2012). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), antiepileptic drugs, and muscle relaxants have been effective in treating cases with neuropathic pain and intermittent pains which exhibit an â€Å"electric shock† – like symptoms (Graff-Radford and Evans, 2003: 980). An example of a TCA is amitriptyline although other antidepressants can be used. In patients where TCAs are contraindicated, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (Venlafaxine) can be prescribed. Gabapentin and topiramate are antiepileptic drugs which stabilize the injured nerve membrane. It must be noted that this class pharmacological agents depress the activity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Hence patients on these therapies can expect side effects including, drowsiness, loss of memory, and somnolence. It can be expected that some patients cannot manage the side effects of these drugs and opt to live with pain or altered sensations (Renton et al, 2012; Park et al, 2010: 345). Cryotherapy is effective treatment to minimize swelling over the osteotomy site and hence minimizing secondary nerve damage due to swelling. Use of ice packs in the first 24 hours promotes post-surgical recovery and reduces nerve degeneration and neuroma formation (Juodzbalys et al, 2011). A stellate ganglion block is a treatment modality that used to treat patients experiencing chronic neuropathic pain and to relieve subjective symptoms. If performed early,1 to 2 month post nerve injury, it accelerates neurophysiological repair by blocking the sympathetic nervous system hence increasing blood flow and decreasing oedema (Fukada et al,2012;). A more recent non-surgical, non-invasive approach includes the use low level laser therapy (LLLT), also known as cold laser therapy, for inducing tissue repair. The initial concept, now available for mainstream commercial use, has been gaining interest as research with over 200 random clinical trials have been already published, 50% of which were aimed at pain relief, but it must be noted fewer studies have investigated its efficacy in the head and neck region. LLLT broadly aims to reduce inflammation and provide analgesia by blocking peripheral axonal transmission and stimulating nerve regeneration / healing. After repeated treatments with LLLT, decreased central sensitization is acheived (ThorLaser). [ABDUL PLEASE ASSIST ME WITH THAT REFERENCE FROM THORLASER]. In animal studies, LLLT has shown positive results in enhancing myelination of axons and nerve function. In the Midamba and Haanaes 1993 study, similar protocols were used on patients with long standing inferior alveolar or l ingual nerve neurosensory deficits, an average of 71,1% improvement was noticed in subjective symptoms (cited in Ozen et al, 2006: 7). The use of vitamin B12 as an adjunct with routine pharmacotherapy is thought to promote the regeneration of nerve terminals. Modalities that increase blood flow to the injured nerve also promote healing. These include near infrared therapy to increase local blood flow and adenosine triphosphate by causing vasodialation. b.Surgical Therapy Microsurgical repair includes procedures that involve internal neurolysis, external neurolysis, and removal of the neuroma. Microsurgical repair of the injured nerve carries its own risk as permanent anaesthesia is a possibility. Hence, these procedures are carried out with aid of a microscope by specialist neurosurgeons or trained maxillo-facial surgeons. Microsurgical repair of the lingual or inferior alveolar nerve has been shown to have significantly improved sensory outcomes in most patients with total recovery in a fewer patients. Zicchardi et al (2009: 300) have concluded that statistically, there were no significant differences between the microsurgical neurosensory outcomes between the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves. It has been reported that 55% to 82% of patients show improved neurosensory outcomes of microsurgical repair of the inferior alveolar nerve (Strauss et al, 2006: 1769; Bagheri et al, 2012: 1983). This wide range leads to hypothesize that other factors play a role in the outcomes of microsurgical nerve repair. Time between the nerve injury and microsurgical repair has been a topic of debate with regards to sensory outcomes. Some groups advocate early repair (6 month or earlier post-injury), and some groups finding no statistical difference in sensory outcomes between early or later repairs. However, in a retrospective cohort study undertaken by Bagheri et al, a cohort of 167 patients were evaluated post-microsurgical repair, where it was deduced that early repairs were directly related to better outcomes. Younger patients (patients less than 51 years) also yielded a more favourable outcome than older patients. Neurosensory testing will also give insight into the severity of damage and hence the outcome of microsurgical repair, if indicated. In cases where it has been clearly established that nerve damage has occurred post implant therapy, removal of the implant within 24 to 30 hours has been shown to resolve neuropathy (Renton et al, 2012). c.  Other Treatment Modalities It is clear from above that nerve injury post implant therapy has an effect on the quality of life of affected patients. Some patients even lose confidence in their treating physician / dentist / specialist as a result, and opt for alternate management strategies. Psychotherapeutic interventions, including cognitive behavioural therapy, aim to manage the resulting depression, if diagnosed. When combined with psycho-active chemotherapy, stress management techniques, and hypnosis, has been shown to be effective in managing neuropathic pain. Patients are taught to modify their behaviours according to their symptoms, psychological traits and ultimately decreasing patients’ pain-related disability (Dickenson et al, 2010: 1644). Further investigation into treatment modalities for nerve injuries, iatrogenic or otherwise, make mention of other procedures, that are beyond the topic of this discussion, but include the use of epidural injections, neuromodulation, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, spinal cord stimulation and deep brain stimulation. There are no clearly defined management protocols for the management of nerve injury post implant therapy, however, Juodzbalys et al, (2011), have constructed a management guideline that incorporates some of the treatment modalities described above (See Table 1). REFERENCES Alhassani, A., Alghamdi, A.S.T., 2010. Inferior alveolar nerve injury in implant dentistry: Diagnosis, causes, prevention, and management. Journal of Oral Implantology, 36 (5), 401 – 407, viewed 30 April 2014, (Ebsco online / Allen Press). Bagheri, S.C, Meyer, R.A, Cho, S,H, Thoppay, J, Khan, H.A, Steed, M, 2012. Microsurgical repair of the inferior alveolar nerve: Success rate and factors that adversely affect outcome. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, 70, 1978 – 1990, viewed 30 April 2014, (online Science Direct). Dickinson, B.D, Head, A, Gitlow, S, Osbahr III, A.J, 2010. Maldynia: Pathophysiology and management of neuropathic and maladaptive pain – A report of the AMA Council on Science and Public Health. Pain Medicine, 11, 1635 – 1653, viewed 24 May 2014, (Ebsco online / Wiley Blackwell). Fukuda, K, Ichinohe, T, Kaneko, Y, 2012. Pain management for nerve injury following dental implant surgery at a Tokyo dental college hospital. International Journal of Dentistry. vol. 2012, Article ID 209474, viewed 22 April 2014, (Ebsco online / Hindawi Corporation). Graff-Radford, S.B, Evans, R.W, 2003. Lingual nerve injury. Headache, 43, 975 – 983, viewed 21 April 2014, (Ebsco online / Wiley Blackwell). Juodzbalys, G., Wang, H-L, Sbalys, G., 2011. Injury of the inferior alveolar nerve during implant placement: a literature review. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Research , 2 (1), 1 – 20, viewed 22 April 2014, (Ebsco online). Ozen, T, Orhan, K, Gorur, I, Ozturk, A, 2006. Efficacy of low level laser therapy on neurosensory recovery after injury to the inferior alveolar nerve. Head Face Medicine, 2, 3-9, viewed 01 June 2014, (Ebsco online / BioMed Central). Park, J.H, Lee, S.H, Kim, S.T, 2010. Pharmacological management of trigeminal nerve pain after implant surgery. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 23, 342 – 346, viewed 22 April 2014, (Ebsco online, Quintessence) Renton, T., Dawood, A., Shah, A., Searson, L., Yilmaz, Z., 2012. Post-implant neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve. A case series. British Dental Journal, 212 (E17), 1 – 6, viewed 30 April 2014, (online Nature Group). Strauss, E.R, Ziccardi, V.B, Janal, M.N, 2006. Outcome assessment of inferior alveolar nerve microsurgery : a retrospective review. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, 64, 1767 – 1770, viewed 05 May 2014, (Ebsco online/ Quintessence). Ziccardi, V.B, Riviera, L, Gomes, J, 2009. Comparison of lingual and inferior alveolar nerve microsurgery outcomes. Quintessence International, 40, 295 – 301, viewed 02 May 2014, (Ebsco online/ Quintessence). THORLASER

William Faulkner Essay -- Biography

The South is known for its many astounding artists, novelists, and writers; however, William Faulkner is uniquely categorized by many as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. Faulkner became known for his diction and literary techniques. William Faulkner chronicled the history of Mississippi: however, his choice of universal themes made him a literary giant around the world. Faulkner achieved many great accomplishments without a high school diploma or college degree. Faulkner had proved to the world that Southern writers were not as substandard as many viewed them to be. They were, in fact, quite phenomenal. William Faulkner born on September 25, 1897 to Murry Cuthbert Falkner, a railroad employee and Maud Butler, an amateur painter (Minter, 755). Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi ; however, he spent most of his life in Oxford, Mississippi (Polk, 55). In Oxford, Faulkner began listening to many stories told at small family gatherings as well as large reunions. Many stories told by Faulkner’s family originated from adventures of Faulkner’s great-grandfather, Colonel William Clark Falkner . Since Faulkner was disappointed and embarrassed by the meager success of his own father, he drew closer to his grandfather, but it was his great-grandfather who he saw as a model and rival ( Minter, 755). Faulkner was an excellent student throughout the first several grades; however, he quit school in 1915 without a diploma disappointing his family. Even though Faulkner dropped out of school, he read avidly (Minter, 755). Faulkner made a habit of hanging around places where people gathered to swap tales ; After Faulkner began writing about north Mississippi , a friend remarked that, â€Å" he seemed to know e... ...y two of his novels received Pulitzer Prizes. In 1924 Faulkner received the Nobel Prize for literature for his unique contribution to the modern American novel. After Faulkner donated his Nobel winnings to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers, the PEN/Faulkner Award for fiction was established. Whenever Faulkner’s involvement in the early phases of the civil rights movement evoked, he and Estelle moved to Charlottesville, Virginia , where Faulkner became writer-in-residence at the university of Virginia (minter, 760). In conclusion, William Faulkner, the Southern writer , Nobel and Pulitzer prize winner, sweep the nation with his diction and literary techniques. With his fictional stories he laid literary hands on Mississippi and narrated the universe throughout its culture. His universal themes made him a literary giant around the world.

is the brain reliable :: essays research papers

Is the Brain Reliable? The definition of the word â€Å"reliable† according to the American Heritage Dictionary is the capability of being relied on and dependable. In my personal opinion, the brain is one of the most reliable pieces of equipment that I have ever encountered. The power of the brain and its capabilities are endless. The human brain possesses both validity and consistency, while at the same time processing thousands of pieces of data a second and relaying the data into select portions of the brain. There are several aspects that are included in the brain: memory, perception, learning, consciousness, thinking, language, intelligence, motivation, emotion, personality, and sensation. These different aspects are reliant upon the brain, and without the brain the body would not be able to function. The human brain is a reliable mechanism that is capable of performing many multifaceted tasks. The brain is composed of numerous parts that work as an auxiliary to the brain, which help it function each and every day. Each individual has two portions of the brain inside his or her head, a left and a right hemisphere. The right hemisphere controls the left hand, musical and artistic ability, perception of space, imagination and fantasizing, body control, and awareness. The left portion of the brain is involved with the right hand, logical thinking, language ability, writing, math, and science work. The brain is able to decipher which side it needs to use in order to complete a subjective task. Each ability is dependent upon the brain to process the knowledge that is needed at certain times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The major dilemma involving the brain is whether or not it is a reliable source. The brain is a complex resource that is capable of processing just about anything. The brain can accomplish any task that it is given. It can maintain thousands of pieces of data and send the information to different parts of the body. For example, when a person is about to touch a hot stove, your brain sends an impulse to the hand. The impulse tells the hand to pull away from the hot stove. It is a reflex that is commanded by the brain in order help keep the body safe. If the brain were not reliable, people would think about their actions before they made a decision. But, since the brain is reliable, people are allowed to do things as instincts and if there is something wrong, the brain will alert the body.

Civil Litigation Process For Sexual Harassment Essay example -- Sexual

Civil Litigation Process For Sexual Harassment Prompt: You are in charge of the human resources division of a large software development company. One of your responsibilities is to work with the company's retained law firm on suits against the company by present and former employees. A former employee has just filed suit against the company and one of its supervisor's for sexual harassment. The citation has been served upon the authorized agent for the company today. You have also been advised today that you are going to be promoted to senior vice president in charge of software development and that the new human resources director has little experience with matters related to civil litigation. You must orient the new director to the mechanics of how a civil lawsuit works its way through the legal system so that she can integrate her activities with that of the law firm in defense of the newly filed suit Prepare a three (3) to five (5) page memo to the new director generally describing the litigation process. To: Manager, HR department From: Vice President Date: 5/18/14 Subject: Litigation process for recent lawsuit of sexual harassment Over view The following document is a description of sexual harassment litigation process and my proposals to create a manual policy on sexual harassment cases. The Stages of Sexual Harassment Litigation 1. Beginning of Controversy and Attempts to Resolve Conflict "Having an litigation goal'' The goal of the case should be determined as early as possible, by the facts, witnesses, forum and client, because it will dictate how you will manage the litigation. For instance, if the forum, facts and client indicate that (1) summary judgment is ... ...uld establish, distribute to all employees, and enforce a policy prohibiting harassment and setting out a procedure for making complaints. In most cases, the policy and procedure should be in writing. Â · Small businesses may be able to discharge their responsibility to prevent and correct harassment through less formal means. For example, if a business is sufficiently small that the owner maintains regular contact with all employees, the owner can tell the employees at staff meetings that harassment is prohibited, that employees should report such conduct promptly, and that a complaint can be brought "straight to the top." If the business conducts a prompt, thorough, and impartial investigation of any complaint that arises and undertakes swift and appropriate corrective action, it will have fulfilled its responsibility to "effectively prevent and correct harassment."

Earthquakes And The Subtle Power Within Essay

Outer Banks is located in North Carolina. It is a narrow chain of barrier stretching 175 miles long. The area is frequented by high winds and storms. It is basically made up of sand dunes. Sand dunes are formed due to the prevailing winds. The winds come from opposite direction, northeast and southwest. Because of the natural occurrence, sand dunes were formed. The tallest active sand dune in Outer Banks is Jockey’s Ridge. Some interesting features about the Outer Banks is that it housed the talled lighthouse. It also has the tallest san dune, Jockey’s Ridge. Duck Beach is named one of the top beaches in America. Animals especially birds and horses are actively seen the area. Outer Banks 3 Outer Banks, North Carolina Outer Banks in North Carolina is a narrow chain of barrier islands. It is one mile wide or 1. 6 km. It stretches more than 175 miles along the coast. Main islands are Bodie, Roanoke, Hatteras, Ocracoke, Portsmounth and Core Banks. The area is prone to severe storms and high winds (Outer Banks, 2007). Outer Banks’ natural processes evolved from a predetermined conditions. Outer Banks can be well describe by its sand dunes. Migration of sand dunes is an important process on the Outer Banks. It is basically formed by two prevailing winds, northeast and southwest. Due to the different directions of the wind, volume of sand build up. With its sand dunes, Nags Head Woods were developed. It was inherited from what used to be sand dune and swale or a depression found between dunes and beach ridges more than 100,000 years ago. In some areas, the swales were internally drained and now contain freshwater ponds (Frankenberg & Tormey, 2000). The Jockey Ridge is the most tallest active sand dune in Outer Banks. The sand is mostly quartz rock which comes from the mountains million of years ago (Ecology, 2006). Some very interesting features can be provided by the Outer Banks (Interesting Facts about the Outer Banks, 2006) ? Wild Ponies, descendants of Spanish Mustangs, still travel the coast. As per record, they run wild North Carolina since 1523 until present time. ? Tallest lighthouse in America, Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is located in Outer Banks. It Outer Banks 4 is 198 feet tall. It has 257 steps. Beacon light can be seen as far as 20 miles out the to sea. ? Duck Beach is one of the ‘Top Beaches’ in America. This was named because of the number of waterfowls that flocked during migration. ? Jockey’s Ridge is the largest active sand dune in East Coast. Outer Banks 4 References Frankenberg, Dirk & Tormey, Blair. (2000). The Northern Outer Banks. Carolina Environmental Diversity Explorations pp. 3. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www. learnnc. org/lp/editions/cede_nobx/3 Infoplease. (2005). Outer Banks. Retrieved January 22, 2008, from http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/us/A0921656. html Jockey’s Ridge Sate Park. (2006). Ecology. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www. jockeysridgestatepark. com/ecology. html Outer Banks Vacation Guide. (2006). Interesting Facts About the Outer Banks. Retrieved January 22, 2008 from http://www. visitob. com/outer_banks/trip/facts. htm

Principles of Managing Information and Producing Documents Essay

unit of mea certainment title Principles of managing instruction and producing documents 1. examine the conception of entropy engineering in a business environment 1. 1 site different types of instruction technology that may be apply for play businesss Types of technology that could be employ to do tasks at work atomic number 18 computing device packet equivalent Microsoft Word which is packet utilizationd to create documents Excel is software that tummy be apply for storing and organising info. Publisher is software which is used to create almost anything from documents to salutation cards.Could also use a telefax machine, telephone and position emails. 1. 2 abridgment the benefits of using learning technology for work tasks The benefits of using technology for work tasks implicate Speed A computer stern search through files and records quickly to r every(prenominal) in ally the learning you require. It illuminate also arrive at it quicker and ea sier to change a mistake. editing If you hand spare documents if at that place was a mistake you would apply to retype from scratch, but on the computer documents can be substantially amended.Quality On the computer thither are many tools that make the pure tone of a document better similar spell and grammar check, templates, different shells and emboldening, borders, bullet points or numbering and all them enable juicy quality documents to be larnd. Access On a computer you can envision who draw a bead ons access to the documents because you can just send it to certain(a) plurality or if you provoke a password on the computer it restricts who can get on. 1. Understand how to treat electronic and paper based in stageion 1.1 Explain the excogitation of agreeing objectives and deadline for researching information The enjoyment of agreeing objectives and deadlines is to ensure that you collect all the desireed information to complete the task given and you forget have a correct visualize to finish it by. You leave also know what sort of resources to use to collect the data because depending on what youre requireing for somethings could be sham counterbalanceed which you can non use because its il sanctioned. 1. 2 mention different bearings of researching, organising and ex castationing information un desire sources of research arePaper-based like libraries and newspapers. Technological which is internet, CD/DVDS and television. Asking people which is primary research and gathering research yourself is secondary. To organize information you could Organise informations correspond to relevance. Put it in numeric or alphabetical order. Keep it in date order. Different ways of Filing information Numeric order. Alphabetical Date To overcompensate information means clench a log of your information and its sources.First you should plan a report and know what the single-valued function is for it, wherefore find the data you pauperism t o write a report, should then produce a draft and check everything you exigency is there and then finalise your report and checking it again. 1. 1 run along procedures to be followed for archiving, retrieving and deleting information, including legal requirements, if required Electronic and paper-based methods Out withdraw/Absent cards Are used when someone removes a file from the shelf and they will insert an out pass on in its place which will severalise which file has been taken and who has taken it. give chase Referencing So if input onto the computer with a number you can find the buffer in the files. File retention polices A beau monde has to keep certain documents for a certain amount of measure. Indexing To retentiveness a list of names or subjects with references to the pages so able to find when conducting the airplane pilot copy from a file. You can shop information on a bad drive inside your pc, you can scavenge it onto a CD/DVD or a memory stick. You can keep data safe by having a password on everything that needs to bekept hidden, and could have locked away in a certain order in some unit cabinets so scarce certain people can get in and see the information. The best way to dispose important and ain data is to shred it. 1. 2 Explain wherefore clandestineity is critical when managing information Confidential information could be someones individualised lucubrate like their home extension and bank details which must be kept secure under mandate requirements. It is important to keep details confidential to avoid identity theft, also makes clients find oneself more secure knowing there information is safe because they would not indigence anybody to find out there details.You can keep data secured manually which is held in a locked area or cabinet, or keep it electronically that is password controlled. 2. Understand the pattern of producing documents that are fit-for-purpose 2. 1 give away reasons for producing documents that are fit-for-purpose Documents should be fit for purpose so that it is suitable for the audience it is intend for and so that it meets the companion standards. To do this you need to make sure that the document is readable, is stainless on details and enhances the organisations reputation. 2.2 cite different types and styles of documents and when they are used Different types and styles of documents have different people to use for Letters for clients and customers Emails with attachments for circulation information to assistants overcompensates for providing information to colleagues close to companies have a certain field of operations style template for documents which is formatted accordingly to the guidelines of the certain organisation. Having a template specific to the company has the benefit of promoting the company image and having soundbox with documents. 1. Know the procedures to be followed when producing documents 1.1 let out reasons for agreeing the pur pose, content, layout, quality standards and deadlines for the production of document Reasons may take on ensuring the correct format is used for the type of document being produced, because if the purpose is unclear the document will not make sense as it needs to. Content So you know how to write the document correctly for the audience. Style Varies on the type of document, so if it was an agreement then a formal standard style would be used. Deadline Makes the time frame clear for something to be complete, also gives the client a clear time when the project should be finished by.Efficiency Makes the company look more professional and organised. Repetition Doing steady-going quality work on time gives a good impression of the company which could mean more work because they will be recommended because of its good repetition. 1. 2 Describe ways of checking finished documents for accuracy and correctness, and the purpose of doing so Ways of checking finished documents are by us ing the spell and grammar stop to ensure there are no mistakes, or you could ask a colleague to check the document to make sure all the necessary information has been included.You should forever and a day check that money, date, name and process details are all correct because if the address or money are false someone wrong could be get a lot or not enough money they need which would have a negative impact on the business and could lead to lost custom. 1. 3 Explain the purpose of confidentiality and data defense procedures when preparing documents You will be observing the information Protection Act (1998) and policies and procedures of the organisation, this covers, Secure stock of documents Who should have access This is to avoid, Loss of personal dataDamage to the business quest The most sensitive information is anything that belongs in a personnel file like Forms relating to employee benefits. Complaints from customers/co-workers. Records of attendance Warnings or other disciplinal actions Medical/Insurance records Litigation documents Forms providing requirement contacts Wage forms The information in a personnel file should be private and should have log ins to get into if deliver onto a computer or salvage in locked files and the only people that need access to it for wages etc, will have a key or the password.1. 1 Compare different types of documents that may be produced from notes and the formats to be followed Documents that can be produced from notes are Memo The format will include ToFromRefDate and then the pertinent information being communicated. Letter Printed on company header paper, listing reference, date, name, address, and subject, garner content, from, signature, name and job title. Also if the earn is confidential this must be stated. Report entitle, Introduction, Body of report, a conclusion, consistency of format is essential i.e. using the same font size and style throughout. Minutes Title of the meeting, date was held, who attended. Agenda Include apologies for absence, minuets of previous meeting, what its about, date, and time. 1. 2 Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes Procedures to follow when preparing text from notes occasion for the notes. Format for the document. Check the notes to confirm right and amend if needed. Check you have all correct notes to make a document. wee document. Check document.